1 The Late Ming 1
1.1 AND 1
1.2 TWO ACCOUNTS OF THE SUZHOU RIOT, 1601 1
1.1 Shen Zan's Account 2
1.2 Wen Bing's Account 3
1.3 AND 4
1.4 A MING OFFICIAL ON THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE DYNASTY 4
1.3 The Trend of the World 5
1.4 On the Management of the Salt Gabelle 5
1.5 BROADSHEET FROM LI ZICHENG 7
1.6 EVALUATION OF LI ZICHENG AND ZHANG XIANZHONG 7
1.7-1.9 THREE ACCOUNTS OF ZHANG XIANZHONG 8
1.7 The Career of Zhang Xianzhong 9
1.8 A Colorful Early Qing Biography of the Bandit Leader Zhang Xianzhong 12
1.9 Edict of the Bandit Zhang Xianzhong 14
1.10 SONG MAOCHENG: THE TALE OF THE UNGRATEFUL LOVER 14
2 The Manchu Conquest 21
2.1 NURHACI'S SEVEN GRIEVANCES 21
2.2 AND 23
2.3 EXCHANGE OF LETTERS BETWEEN WU SANGUI AND DORGON 23
2.2 A Letter from Wu Sangui to Dorgon Sent from Shanhaiguan, Renshen Day, 4th Moon,1644 25
2.3 Dorgon's Reply to Wu Sangui Sent from Xilatala, Guiyu Day, 4th Moon, 1644 26
2.4 A LETTER FROM DORGON TO THE MING LOYALIST SHI KEFA, 6TH MOON, 1644 27
2.5 DORGON'S EDICT: A BROADSHEET FOR THE PEOPLE OF THE SOUTHERN MING,1645 30
2.6 EDICT FROM DODO （PRINCE YU） FOLLOWING THE YANGZHOU MASSACRE, 1645 31
2.7 AND 32
2.8 TWO EDICTS CONCERNING THE WEARING OF THE HAIR UNDER MANCHU RULE 32
2.7 Regent Dorgon's Edict to the Board of War 33
2.8 Imperial Edict to the Board of Rites 33
2.9 THE SIEGE OF JIANGYIN, 1645 34
2.10 THE JINTAN SLAVE RIOTS, 1644 39
3 Kangxi's Consolidation 45
3.1 WU SANGUI ON THE EXECUTION OF THE PRINCE OF GUI 45
3.2 SHI LANG'S MEMORIAL ON THE CAPTURE OF TAIWAN 48
3.3 THE TREATY OF NERCHINSK, 1689 51
3.4 FANG BAO'S “RANDOM NOTES FROM PRISON,” 1711 54
3.5 KANGXI'S VALEDICTORY EDICT, 1717 58
4 Yongzheng's Authority 65
4.1 AND 65
4.2 KANGXI'S SACRED EDICT AND WANG YUPU AND YONGZHENG'S AMPLIFICATION 65
4.1 The Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor, 1670 66
4.2 Wang Yupu and Yongzheng's Amplification of Kangxi's Sacred Edict, 1724 66
4.3 YONGZHENG'S EDICT ON CHANGING THE STATUS OF THE MEAN PEOPLE 69
5 Chinese Society and the Reign of Qianlong 71
5.1 WU JINGZI: FROM THE SCHOLARS （RULIN WASHI） （FAN JIN PASSES THE JUREN EXAMINATION） 71
5.2 A MURDER CASE FROM THE RECORDS OF THE OFFICE FOR THE SCRUTINY OF PUNISHMENTS,1747-1748 81
5.3 GLORIFYING THE ORIGINS OF THE MANCHUS, FROM AN ACCOUNT IN THE STATE ARCHIVE 85
5.4 AND 86
5.5 HESHEN: ACCUSATION AND INVENTORY 86
5.4 The Twenty Crimes of Heshen 87
5.5 An Inventory of the Household Property Confiscated from the Home of Heshen 89
6 China and the Eighteenth-Century World 92
6.1 LORD MACARTNEY'S COMMISSION FROM HENRY DUNDAS,1792 92
6.2 MACARTNEY'S AUDIENCE WITH QIANLONG 98
6.3 MACARTNEY'S DESCRIPTION OF CHINA'S GOVERNMENT 100
6.4 AND 103
6.5 QIANLONG'S REJECTION OF MACARTNEY'S DEMANDS: TWO EDICTS 103
6.4 The First Edict,September 1793 104
6.5 The Second Edict, September 1793 106
7 The First Clash with the West 110
7.1-7.4 MEMORIALS, EDICTS, AND LAWS ON OPIUM 110
7.1 Memorial on Legalizing Opium, June 10, 1836 111
7.2 Memorial on Banning Opium, October 1836 114
7.3 Imperial Edict,September 1836 119
7.4 Annexed Lauws on Banning Opium, July1839 120
7.5 LORD PALMERSTON'S DECLARATION OF WAR,FEBRUARY 20, 1840 123
8 The Crisis Within 128
8.1 QIAN YONG ON POPULAR RELIGION, 1838 128
8.2 THE CONVERSION OF LIANG FA: GOOD WORKS TO EXHORT THE AGE,1832 132
8.3 EXECUTIONS OF TAIPING REBELS AT CANTON,1851 136
8.4 AND 139
8.5 PRECEPTS AND ODES PUBLISHED BY HONG XIUQUAN IN 1852 AND 1853: “THE TEN COMMANDMENTS” AND “THE ODE FOR YOUTH” 139
8.4 The Ten Commandments 140
8.5 Taiping Religious Verses （from “The Ode for Youth”） 143
8.6 ZENG GUOFAN: A PROCLAMATION AGAINST THE BANDITS OF GUANGDONG AND GUANGXI, 1854 146
9 Restoration through Reform 150
9.1 AND 150
9.2 YUNG WING ADVISES THE TAIPING AND ZENG GUOFAN 150
9.1 Yung Wing: Policy Proposals to the Taiping,1859 151
9.2 Yung Wing: Interview with Zeng Guofan, 1863 151
9.3 PRINCE GONG ON THE TONGWEN COLLEGE: THREE MEMORIALS,1861, 1865, 1866 154
9.4 ZONGLI YAMEN DOCUMENT ON THE UNEQUAL TREATIES, 1878 157
9.5 ZHANG ZHIDONG'S MEMORIAL ON THE ILI CRISIS, 1880 159
9.6 AND 163
9.7 THE BURLINGAME TREATY AND THE UNITED STATES EXCLUSION ACT 163
9.6 The Burlingame Treaty, 1868 163
9.7 The Exclusion Act, May 6, 1882 164
9.8 CHINESE ANTI -FOREIGNISM, 1892 166
10 New Tensions in the Late Qing 168
10.1 SUN YAT-SEN'S REFORM PROPOSAL TO LI HONGZHANG,1893 168
10.2 LI HONGZHANG NEGOTIATES WITH JAPAN,1895 172
10.3 SINO-RUSSIAN RAILWAY AGREEMENTS,1896 177
10.4 ZHANG ZHIDONG ON THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT, 1898 181
10.5 AND 184
10.6 BOXER MEMOIRS: ORAL ACCOUNTS OF THE BOXER REBELLION 184
10.5 Several Accounts of “The Shining Red Lantern” 185
10.6 Four Accounts of the Fate of Miss Han （Han Guniang） 187
11 The End of the Dynasty 190
11.1 WU TINGFANG ON CHINA'S PROGRESS, 1908 190
11.2 FENG YUXIANG: FROM MY LIFE 194
11.3 ZOU RONG ON REVOLUTION, 1903 197
11.4 TONGMENG HUI REVOLUTIONARY PROCLAMATION, 1907 202
11.5 PRESS COVERAGE OF THE WUCHANG UPRISING, 1911 206
11.6 THE MANCHU ABDICATION EDICT 209
12 The New Republic 214
12.1 AND 214
12.2 YUAN SHIKAI: TWO DOCUMENTS 214
12.1 Poem to the Soldiers 214
12.2 Yuan Pledges Allegiance to the Republic,February 12, 1912 216
12.3 JAPAN'S TWENTY-ONE DEMANDS,1915 216
12.4 THE RESTORATION OF 1917, FROM PUYI'S MEMOIR 220
12.5-12.7 THREE SOLDIERS 227
12.5 Cai Tingkai：Reading the Newspaper, 1916 227
12.6 Feng Yuxiang: Praising the Lord 228
12.7 Zhang Zongchang: With Pleasure Rife 230
13 “A Road Is Made” 233
13.1 AND 233
13.2 QING FEMALE CHASTITY 233
13.1 Lu Yihan,Two Biographies 234
13.2 Lu Xun, “My Views On Chastity,”1918 235
13.3 LI DAZHAO: THE VICTORY OF BOLSHEVISM，1918 238
13.4 AND 241
13.5 TWO LETTERS ON THE WORK-STUDY PROGRAM IN FRANCE 241
13.4 Mao Zedong: Letter from Peking，1920 242
13.5 Cai Hesen: Letter from France, 1920 244
13.6 AND 246
13.7 THE NORTH CHINA FAMINE, 1920-1921 246
13.6 Report on the North China Famine, 1922 247
13.7 Henry C.Fenn: “Notes on Field Work in the Distribution of Grain Tickets in Shundeh Fu” 250
14 The Fractured Alliance 252
14.1 SUN YAT-SEN OPENS THE WHAMPOA ACADEMY, 1924 252
14.2 A.I. CHEREPANOV ON LIFE IN WHAMPOA 255
14.3-14.5 REACTIONS TO THE MAY THIRTIETH INCIDENT 257
14.3 Peking Professors on the Shameen Massacre 258
14.4 British Consul J.W.Jamieson on the Shameen Massacre 259
14.5 The President of Guangzhou University on the Shameen Massacre 261
14.6-14.8 PURGING THE CCP: THREE DOCUMENTS 263
14.6 Official Statement by the Guomindang, April1927 263
14.7 “Purge the Party” Slogans for the Chinese People, May1927 264
14.8 A Proclamation, Headquarters of the Twenty-sixth Nationalist Army, April 22, 1927 265
14.9 MADAME SUN YAT-SEN DEFENDS THE LEFT, AUGUST 1927 266
15 The Guomindang in Power 270
15.1 AND 270
15.2 LAW IN THE NANJING DECADE 270
15.1 Hu Shi Appeals for Legal Rights, 1929 271
15.2 Guomindang “Emergency Laws,” 1931 275
15.3-15.5 THE MUKDEN INCIDENT AND MANCHUKUO 277
15.3 Japan on the Mukden Incident 279
15.4 Japan's Expansion: A Satirical Poem 281
15.5 Puyi's Proclamation 282
15.6 JAPAN DEFENDED AT THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, 1934 283
15.7 POLITICS OF POWER: GENERAL VON FALKENHAUSEN'S ADVICE TO CHIANG KAI-SHEK, 1936 286
16 Communist Survival 290
16.1 COMMUNIST SURVIVAL: THE TALE OF THE LUDING BRIDGE,1935 290
16.2-16.4 THREE ACCOUNTS OF THE NEW LIFE MOVEMENT 294
16.2 Mme.Chiang on the New Life movement,1935 295
16.3 “New Life” in Brief 298
16.4 “New Life” for the Reds 301
16.5 THE STUDENTS DEMONSTRATE, DECEMBER 16,1935 304
16.6 AND 309
16.7 XI'AN 1936: THE GENERALS'DEMANDS AND CHIANG KAI-SHEK'S REPLY 309
16.6 Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng's Eight-Point Program 310
16.7 Chiang Kai-shek's Admonition to Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng 311
17 World War Ⅱ 314
17.1 AND 314
17.2 JAPAN AT WAR 314
17.1 Prince Konoe's Address,September 1937 315
17.2 The Japanese Ambassador Explains,1937 316
17.3 CHIANG REPLIES, 1938 319
17.4 AND 324
17.5 THE RAPE OF NANJING 324
17.4 Bearing Witness 325
17.5 The Nanjing “Murder Race” 329
17.6 WANG JINGWEI: ON COLLABORATION, 1941 330
17.7 LIU SHAOQI: HOW TO BE A GOOD COMMUNIST, 1939 333
18 The Fall of the Guomindang State 336
18.1 WEN YIDUO: THE POET'S FAREWELL, 1946 336
18.2 GENERAL MARSHALL: THE MEDIATOR'S VIEW, 1947 338
18.3 CHIANG STEPS DOWN 342
18.4-18.5 MAO TAKES CHARGE 344
18.4 The Army Advances 345
18.5 Takeover Details 347
18.6 DEMOCRATIC DICTATORSHIP 350
19 The Birth of the People's Republic 358
19.1 TREATY WITH THE SOVIET UNION, FEBRUARY 1950 358
19.2 NEW LAWS: MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE, MAY 1950 360
19.3 DING LING'S FICTION: THE POWER OF THE PEOPLE 366
19.4 HU SIDU AND HU SHI: THE SON AND THE FATHER 373
19.5 CHIANG KAI-SHEK: BACK TO THE MAINLAND, OCTOBER 1954 376
20 Planning the New Society 381
20.1 AND 381
20.2 A-BOMBS AND PAPER TIGERS 381
20.1 MaoZedong: “The Chinese People Cannot Be Cowed by the Atom Bomb,” January28, 1955 382
20.2 Mao Zedong: “U.S.Imperialism Is a Paper Tiger,”July 14, 1956 382
20.3 LU DINGYI: THE HUNDRED FLOWERS CAMPAIGN, MAY 1956 385
20.4 PROFESSORS SPEAK OUT, JUNE10, 1957 392
20.5 DENG XIAOPING: THE ANTIRIGHTIST CAMPAIGN, SEPTEMBER 23, 1957 396
21 Deepening the Revolution 400
21.1-21.3 THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD AND THE SINO-SOVIET SPLIT 400
21.1 Chen Boda: “Under the Banner of Comrade Mao Zedong,”July 16, 1958 401
21.2 Yin Zeming: “The Strength of the Masses Is Limitless,” 1958 404
21.3 “Hold High the Red Flag of People's Communes and March On,” September 3, 1958 407
21.4 “DECISION APPROVING COMRADE MAO ZEDONG'S PROPOSAL TO STEP DOWN,” DECEMBER 10, 1958 411
21.5 “THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE LEADERSHIP OF THE CPSU AND OURSELVES,” SEPTEMBER 6, 1963 413
22 The Cultural Revolution 417
22.1 LIFE AND DEATH OF LEI FENG, AN ADMIRABLE “FOOL” 417
22.2 LIN BIAO: LONG LIVE THE VICTORY OF PEOPLE'S WAR!” SEPTEMBER 1965 421
22.3-22.5 THE FUTURE DIRECTION OF THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION 424
22.3 Mao Zedong's Big-character Poster: “Bombard the Headquarters” 426
22.4 Mao Zedong:The Sixteen-Point Decision 426
22.5 Deng Xiaoping: Self-Criticism 430
22.6 AND 432
22.7 LIN BIAO'S FALL 432
22.6 Official Explanation of Lin's Death 433
22.7 Discarding Lin's Works 434
23 Reopening the Doors 435
23.1 AND 435
23.2 RAPPROCHEMENT WITH THE UNITED STATES AND THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY 435
23.1 The Shanghai Communique 436
23.2 Deng Xiaoping: Speech at the United Nations,April 10, 1974 440
23.3 CENTRAL COMMITTEE “OBITUARY” ON THE DEATH OF MAO ZEDONG, OCTOBER 1976 443
24 Redefining Revolution 447
24.1 DENG XIAOPING: “EMANCIPATE THE MIND, SEEK TRUTH FROM FACTS AND UNITE AS ONE IN LOOKING TO THE FUTURE,” DECEMBER13, 1978 447
24.2 HE SHIGUANG: “ON A VILLAGE MARKETSTREET,” AUGUST 1980 452
24.3 YE WENFU: “GENERAL, YOU MUST NOT DO THIS!” 1979 457
25 Levels of Power 460
25.1 SPEECH BY HAN NIANLONG，APRIL 26, 1979 460
25.2 THE BACKGROUND TO BITTER LOVE, APRIL 1981 464
25.3 AND 467
25.4 DENG LIQUN ON PROPAGANDA 467
25.3 Deng Liqun on Clearing Cultural Contamination, October 28, 1983 468
25.4 Deng Liqun on the Scope of Spiritual Pollution, December 7, 1983 469
25.5 LIU BINYAN: A CASE OF PERSECUTION IN XI'AN IN DISREGARD OF CENTRAL INSTRUCTIONS, AUGUST 25, 1984 470
25.6 THE JOINT AGREEMENT BY BRITAIN AND CHINA DEFINING THE FUTURE OF HONG KONG, SEPTEMBER 26, 1984 476
25.7-25.9 FANG LIZHI AND THE PARTY 481
25.7 Fang Lizhi's Interview with Tiziano Terzani,1987 482
25.8 On Fang Lizhi's Expulsion, January 20,1987 485
25.9 Explanation of Fang Lizhi's Errors, January 21,1987 485
26 Testing the Limits 487
26.1 AND 487
26.2 STUDENT DEMONSTRATIONS FOLLOWING THE DEATH OF HU YAOBANG 487
26.1 People's Daily: “We Must Unequivocally Oppose Unrest,” April 26, 1989 488
26.2 China News Agency: Report on the Peking Student Demonstration 490
26.3 “OPEN DECLARATION OF A HUNGER STRIKE,” MAY 1989 493
26.4 LI PENG'S ANNOUNCEMENT OF MARTIAL LAW, MAY 20, 1989 495
26.5 DENG XIAOPING'S EXPLANATION OF THE CRACKDOWN, JUNE9, 1989 500
27 Century's End 507
27.1 DALAI LAMA AND “AHIMSA” FOR TIBET: THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE LECTURE, DECEMBER 10, 1989 507
27.2 WEI JINGSHENG: “THE WOLF AND THE LAMB,” NOVEMBER 18, 1993 512
27.3 PRESIDENT CLINTON REEVALUATES HUMAN RIGHTS AS ELEMENT OF CHINA POLICY,MAY 27, 1994 514
27.4 JIANG ZEMIN'S NEW YEAR'S GREETING TO TAIWAN COMPATRIOTS, JANUARY 31, 1995 516
Sources 523