《Ship Sale and Purchase Fourth Edition》PDF下载

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  • 作  者:Iain Goldrein
  • 出 版 社:LLP
  • 出版年份:2003
  • ISBN:1843111454
  • 页数:437 页
图书介绍:

CHAPTER 1 THE SALE AND PURCHASE OF SECOND-HAND SHIPS 1

1.Introduction 1

2.What do prospective buyers look for? 1

(1) General description 1

(2) Role of Classification Societies 2

(3) Commercial importance of classification 2

(4) What does classification mean? 3

(5) Frequency of classification surveys 4

(6) Suspension or withdrawal of class 4

(7) Classification and flagging 5

(8) What is the importance of a ship’s classification status and history 5

(9) Class records—what will they reveal? 5

(10) Class records—how to exploit them to best advantage 6

3.Assessing market value 7

(1) Market value 7

(2) Valuation criteria 7

(3) Finance valuations 8

4.Marine surveyor inspections 8

(1) First stage—review of class records 8

(2) Second stage—inspection on board ship 9

(3) Variable factors 9

(4) Third stage—report 10

(5) Length of marine surveyor inspections 10

(6) Inspection limitations 10

5.Negotiations to the recap stage 11

(1) Offers and counter-offers 11

(2) Acceptance 11

(3) The recap message 11

6.From recap to delivery 12

(1) Conduct of principals 12

(2) The normal course of events 13

7.Buyer’s flagging arrangements 15

(1) Choice of flag 15

(2) Eligibility tests 17

(3) Safety 17

(4) The ITF 18

(5) Crewing requirements 19

(6) The political dimension 20

(7) Taxation and other matters 21

(8) Provisional and permanent registration of the ship 21

8.Sale contract considerations for ship financiers 22

(1) Introduction 22

(2) Sale contract 23

(3) Choice of flag 24

(4) Registration 25

(5) Continuing inspection rights 25

CHAPTER 2 SALE AND PURCHASE BROKERS 27

1.Brokers as agents 27

(1) Legal status of sale and purchase brokers 27

(2) Appointment of broker 27

(3) Duties of broker 28

(4) Duty to advise or merely to provide information? 29

(5) Confidential information 29

(6) Tortious interference 30

(7) Actual and ostensible authority 30

(8) Principals beware 31

(9) Liability of S&P brokers who sign sales contracts 32

(10) Sole agent—potential problems 33

(11) Lack of authority—S&P brokers beware 34

2.Commission 34

(1) Commission—the modern practice in S&P broking 34

(2) Documenting commission arrangements 35

(3) Address commission 35

(4) When does the S&P broker’s entitlement to commission arise? 35

(5) The web of business relationships 36

(6) Enforcement:a potential problem for S&P brokers 36

(7) The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 36

3.What happens when a broker is deprived of his commission? 37

(1) The case law to 1979 37

(2) The case law from 1980 to 1987 38

(3) The case law from 1988—The Manifest Lipkowy 39

4.Conflicts of interest and secret commissions 41

(1) Conflicts of interest 41

(2) Secret commissions—meaning 41

(3) Secret commissions—consequences 41

CHAPTER 3 CONTRACT FORMATION 43

1.Freedom of contract 43

(1) Sale of goods legislation 43

(2) Statutory control over contractual provisions 43

2.Ground rules for pre-contractual negotiations 45

(1) Good faith 45

(2) False or misleading statements 48

(3) Mere representations 49

(4) Representations which amount to contract terms 49

(5) Rescission and s.2(2) of the Misrepresentation Act 1967 50

(6) Loss of rescission rights in other circumstances 51

(7) Fraudulent misrepresentation 51

(8) Non-fraudulent misrepresentation 51

(9) Common law claims for misrepresentation 52

(10) Collateral contracts 52

3.Formation of Contract 52

(1) Introduction 52

(2) Use of written contracts 54

4.When is there a binding contract? 55

(1) A problem of interpretation 55

(2) Must contracts be recorded in writing to be valid? 57

(3) The Blankenstein 57

(4) The Great Marine (No.2) 59

(5) The Gladys (No.2) 60

(6) Messina v.Polskie Linie Oceaniczne 60

(7) The Bay Ridge 60

(8) “Subjects” 61

5.Contract terms 64

(1) Conditions and warranties 64

(2) Significance of distinction between conditions and warranties 64

(3) Distinguishing between conditions and warranties 65

(4) Intermediate terms 66

(5) Distinguishing between conditions,warranties and intermediate terms 67

6.Letters of intent and similar documents 68

7.Use of standard form ship sale contracts 69

(1) Saleform 69

(2) Nipponsale 70

(3) Other forms 70

(4) The value of standard forms 70

CHAPTER 4 SALEFORM 1987 73

1.Introduction 73

2.Memorandum of Agreement 73

3.Sellers and buyers 74

(1) Sellers:who are they? 74

(2) Doctrine of corporate personality 74

(3) Buyers:who are they? 76

4.The ship—description 76

(1) Compliance with description 76

(2) Description of ship in Saleform 1987 77

5.Contract of Sale—two categories 79

(1) Line 1—meaning of “have today sold” 79

(2) The two categories of a contract of sale 79

(3) Two categories—why is the distinction important? 79

6.Sellers losing all legal rights to the ship—consequences 79

(1) Borrowings 79

(2) Insurance 79

(3) Risk 79

(4) Insolvency 79

(5) Classification 80

7.Buyers acquiring all legal rights to the ship—consequences 80

(1) Title 80

(2) Borrowings 80

(3) Insolvency 80

(4) Classification 80

8.Passing of title—the statutory background in English law 80

(1) The legal principle 80

(2) Ascertaining intention—the statutory guidelines 80

(3) Deliverable state—meaning 81

9.Passing of title under the printed terms of Saleform 1987 81

(1) When does title pass? 81

(2) An example from the cases 82

(3) Saleform 1993 82

10.Clause 1—Price 82

(1) Price and purchase money 82

(2) Bunkers,lubes,stores and provisions 82

(3) Commission 82

11.Clause 2—Deposit 83

(1) Security for buyers’ performance of the contract 83

(2) Failure to pay the deposit 84

(3) Deposit and sub-sale 85

(4) Other ways of securing buyers’ obligations 86

(5) Security for sellers’ performance of the contract 86

12.Clause 3—Payment 88

(1) Receiving bank 88

(2) Line 19 in clause 3—three banking days 88

(3) Lines 19 and 20 in Clause 3—a problem concerning notice of readiness 88

(4) When and to whom may notice of readiness be given? 89

(5) Other possible notice of readiness problems 90

(6) Payment of the purchase money 91

13.Clause 4—Inspection 93

(1) Interpretation 93

(2) Deletion of clause 4 96

(3) Liability of a Classification Society to buyers 96

(4) Breach of clause 4 by buyers 100

14.Clause 5—Place and time of delivery 100

(1) Line 36—meaning of delivery 101

(2) Line 36—place of delivery 101

(3) Line 37—temporal delivery range 102

(4) Line 38—cancelling date 102

(5) Lines 39 and 40—sellers’ notices 102

(6) Lines 41 and 42—total loss,etc. 103

15.Clause 6—Drydocking 104

(1) Interpretation 105

(2) Problem areas 108

(3) Line 47—clean certificate of class and the role of the surveyor 109

(4) Negotiated amendments to clause 6 110

16.Clause 7—Spares and bunkers 111

(1) Interpretation 111

(2) Spares 111

(3) What if sellers fail to deliver a spare part? 111

(4) Spares to minimum class requirements 113

(5) Lines 72 and 73—forwarding charges 114

(6) Lines 75,76,79 and 80—excluded items 114

(7) Lines 82 and 83—remaining bunkers 115

(8) Lines 84 and 85—payments under clause 7 115

17.Clause 8—Documentation 116

(1) Sellers’ duties 116

(2) Lines 87,92—94—buyers’ duties 119

(3) Completion 119

18.Clause 9—Encumbrances 122

(1) The purpose of clause 9 122

(2) The maritime lien 124

(3) Nature of sellers’ clause 9 obligation 125

(4) Discovery of outstanding claims against the ship 128

19.Clause 10—Taxes,etc. 129

(1) Buyers’ notes 129

(2) Stamp duty 129

20.Clause 11—Condition on delivery 129

(1) Lines 109 and 110—risk 129

(2) Line 111—inspection 130

(3) Lines 112-115—condition on delivery 130

(4) Class recommendations 137

(5) Unofficial inspection at delivery 138

(6) Negotiated amendments to clause 11 138

21.Clause 12—Name/markings 139

22.Clause 13—Buyers’ default 139

(1) Interpretation 139

(2) Failure to pay the deposit 139

(3) Failure to pay the purchase money 140

(4) Lines 119,122 and 123—exercising the right to cancel 141

(5) Sellers’ remedies under the general law 141

(6) Sellers’ remedies in practice 145

(7) Lines 121 and 125—rate of interest 145

(8) Currency of claim 146

23.Clause 14—Sellers’ default 146

(1) Sellers’ failure to execute a legal transfer of the ship or to deliver the ship 146

(2) Buyers’ right to claim “compensation” 147

(3) Measure of damages for non-delivery of the ship 150

(4) Measure of damages for non-delivery of a spare part 151

(5) Measure of damages for late delivery of the ship 151

(6) Buyers’ right to reject the ship 152

(7) Sales of Goods Act considerations 153

(8) If buyers reject the ship,can they also terminate the contract? 155

(9) Buyers’ right to claim damages in respect of “condition” claims 155

(10) Mitigation 156

(11) Sellers’ failure to deliver the ship and specific performance 159

(12) Sellers’ default and injunctive relief 160

(13) Freezing injunctions 160

(14) Possible alternative remedies for buyers 171

24.Clause 15—Arbitration 174

(1) Dispute resolution and governing law 174

(2) Arbitration 174

(3) The LMAA Terms 175

(4) Constituting the arbitral tribunal 175

(5) Commencement of arbitration 175

(6) Stay applications 175

(7) Appeals from arbitral awards 175

(8) Leave to appeal 176

(9) Exclusion agreements 176

(10) Reporting of arbitration proceedings 176

(11) Governing law 176

CHAPTER 5 SALEFORM 1993 179

1.Introduction 179

2.Preamble to Saleform 1993 179

(1) Agreement to sell in future 179

(2) Description of the ship 180

(3) New definitions 180

(4) Definition of “banking days” 180

(5) Buyers’ notes 180

(6) Definition of “in writing/written” 180

3.Clause 1—Purchase price 181

4.Clause 2—Deposit 181

5.Clause 3—Payment 181

(1) Payment without deduction 181

(2) Notice of readiness under Saleform 1997 182

(3) Notice of readiness under Saleform 1993 182

6.Clause 4—Inspections 183

(1) Two alternatives 183

(2) First alternative:outright sale 184

(3) Second alternative:sale subject to inspection 184

(4) Buyers’ notes 184

(5) Buyers’ reliance on class records 185

7.Clause 5—Notices,time and place of delivery 185

(1) Notices 185

(2) Place of delivery 186

(3) Cancelling date 186

(4) Total loss of ship before delivery 187

(5) Application of frustration and force majeure to Saleform 1993 188

8.Clause 6—Drydocking/diver’s inspection 188

(1) First part of new regime 190

(2) Second part of new regime 191

(3) Third part of new regime 193

(4) Sellers’ notes 193

(5) Buyers’ notes 193

9.Clause 7—Spares/bunkers 194

(1) Spares 194

(2) Unused stores and provisions 194

(3) Items on hire 195

(4) Price of bunkers and unused lubricating oils 195

10.Clause 8—Documentation 196

(1) Completion:the position under previous Saleforms 196

(2) Completion:the position under Saleform 1993 196

(3) Sellers’ authorities 198

11.Clause 9—Encumbrances 199

(1) Mortgages 199

(2) Charters 199

(3) Buyers’ notes 200

12.Clause 10—Taxes 200

13.Clause 11—Condition on delivery 200

(1) Saleform 1987 position 201

(2) Saleform 1993 revision 201

(3) Significance of revision in Saleform 1993 202

(4) Buyers’ reaction to clause 11 of Saleform 1993 203

(5) Buyers’ notes 203

14.Clause 12—Name/markings 204

15.Clause 13—Buyers’ default 204

16.Clause 14—Sellers’ default 204

(1) New definition of sellers’ default 204

(2) Significance of new provisions 205

(3) Buyers’ right to claim “compensation” 206

(4) Causes of sellers’ default 207

(5) Removal of interest rate fix 209

17.Clause 15—Buyers’ representatives 209

18.Clause 16—Arbitration 210

(1) Arbitration and governing law under Saleform 1987 210

(2) Arbitration and governing law under Saleform 1993 211

(3) Arbitration procedure under Saleform 1993 211

19.Additional provisions 211

(1) Saleform 1993 211

CHAPTER 6 NIPPONSALE 1999 213

1.Introduction 213

2.Part Ⅰ—Box format 213

3.Part Ⅱ—Preamble 215

4.Clause 1—Purchase price 216

5.Clause 2—Payment 216

6.Clause 3—Documentation 217

7.Clause 4—Delivery place and time 218

8.Clause 5—Delivery condition 220

9.Clause 6—Underwater inspection 220

10.Clause 7—Notice of readiness and liquidated damages 223

11.Clause 8—Total loss and force majeure 225

12.Clause 9—Transfer of title and risk 226

13.Clause 10—Belongings and bunkers 226

14.Clause 11—Exclusion from sale 227

15.Clause 12—Change of name 227

16.Clause 13—Encumbrances 227

17.Clause 14—Default and compensation 228

18.Clause 15—Arbitration 230

19.Additional provisions 230

CHAPTER 7 ADDITIONAL CLAUSES 231

1.Introduction 231

2.Memorandum of Agreement 231

3.Can the parties assign or transfer contract rights and obligations? 231

4.Alternative security arrangements 233

(1) Security for buyers’ performance of the contract 233

(2) Parent company guarantees 233

(3) Bank guarantees 235

(4) Preparation of guarantees 235

(5) Letters of credit 236

(6) The Messiniaki Tolmi 238

(7) Using letters of credit—some lessons 240

(8) Comfort letters 240

(9) Security for sellers’ performance of the contract 242

(10) Retention arrangements to secure sellers’ obligations 242

5.Payment arrangements 242

(1) The standard forms 242

(2) Bankers’ payment letters 242

(3) Advance deposit arrangements 243

(4) Credit transfers 244

(5) Payment by letter of credit 245

(6) Cheques 245

(7) Bills of exchange 246

(8) Payment in kind 246

6.Additional inspection rights 246

(1) Condition surveys 246

(2) Finance surveys 247

(3) Other inspections 247

7.Force majeure and frustration 247

(1) Force majeure 247

(2) Frustration 249

8.Notices 249

(1) Address details 249

(2) E-mail notices 250

(3) Presumption of good service 250

(4) Compliance with notice provisions 251

9.Divers’ inspections 251

10.Additional closing documents 251

(1) Documents to be delivered at closing 251

(2) From sellers 251

(3) From buyers 253

(4) Saleform 1993 253

(5) Nipponsale 1999 253

11.Sellers’ warranty and indemnity 253

(1) Charter free 253

(2) Blacklisting or boycotting 256

12.Condition on delivery 257

(1) Examples from case law 257

(2) Continuous machinery survey cycle up to date 257

(3) Average damage affecting class 257

(4) Trading certificates 258

13.Buyers’ pre-delivery attendance on board ship 258

(1) Saleform 1987 258

(2) Saleform 1993 259

(3) Nipponsale 1999 259

14.Excluding liability for pre-contractual representations which are incorporated as terms of the contract 259

15.Excluding liability for pre-contractual representations which are not also incorpor-ated as terms of the contract 260

16.Other exclusions and limitations of liability 261

17.Partial invalidity 263

(1) Providing for partial invalidity 263

(2) English law principles 264

18.Restrictive covenants 264

19.Intellectual property rights 264

20.Good faith 265

21.Variations 265

22.Waiver 266

23.Rights and remedies cumulative 266

24.Time of the essence 267

25.Confidentiality 267

26.Conflict between the printed terms and type-added words 267

(1) Resolving the conflict 267

(2) Providing an internal priority order 268

27.Third party rights 268

28.Resolving disputes by arbitration 268

29.Resolving disputes in court 269

30.Resolving disputes by mediation 271

31.Execution of the contract 272

(1) Signatures and correction of errors 272

(2) Counterparts 273

(3) Annexes and schedules 274

(4) Authorities 274

APPENDICES 275

APPENDIX 1 NORWEGIAN SHIPBUILDING CONTRACT 277

APPENDIX 2 AWES SHIPBUILDING CONTRACT 299

APPENDIX 3 SAJ SHIPBUILDING CONTRACT 321

APPENDIX 4 MARAD CONTRACT 345

APPENDIX 5 NSF ’87 363

APPENDIX 6 NSF ’93 371

APPENDIX 7 NIPPONSALE ’99 379

APPENDIX 8 BARECON 2001 383

APPENDIX 9 BILL OF SALE IN BRITISH FORM C.201 397

APPENDIX 10 BILL OF SALE IN SUPERSEDED BRITISH FORM 10A 399

APPENDIX 11 THE LMAA TERMS (2002) 401

Index 417