Chapter One Introduction 1
1.1 The Metal Column—Past and Present 1
1.2 Scope and Summary of the Guide 2
1.3 Mechanical Properties of Structural Metals 4
Contents 11
Notation 11
1.4 Definitions 11
1.5 Post-Buckling Behavior 15
2.2 Concepts of Structural Safety 18
2.1 Introduction 18
Chapter Two Structural Safety 18
2.3 Load and Resistance Factor Design(Limit StatesDesign) 20
2.4 The Safety of Columns 22
Abbreviations 23
2.5 Safety in Column-Support Details 24
Chapter Three Centrally Loaded Columns 26
3.1 Introduction 26
3.2 Critical Load-Theory 27
3.3 Effects of Geometric Imperfections 38
3.4 Strength of Aluminum-Alloy Columns 42
3.5 Strength of Steel Columns 50
3.6 Design Considerations for Steel Columns 64
3.7 Effective Length of Framed Columns 73
3.8 Columns of Variable Cross Section 77
3.9 Lateral-Bracing Requirements 77
Chapter Four Local Buckling of Plates 81
4.1 Introduction 81
4.2 Critical Stresses for Plates Under Uniform Edge Com-pression 83
4.3 k-Factors for Elements of Rolled Structural Shapes and Box Sections 87
4.4 Plate-Thickness Requirements as Determined by Critical Stress 89
4.5 Effective Width-Thickness Ratios for Flat Plates in Axial Compression,Based on Post-Buckling Strength 93
4.6 Plates Under Other Edge-Loading Conditions 102
5.1 Introduction 113
Chapter Five Dynamic Load Effects 113
5.2 Parametric Resonance 115
5.3 Simply Supported Uniform Column 116
5.4 Other Results 118
Chapter Six Laterally Unsupported Beams 121
6.1 Introduction 121
6.2 Rectangular and Box-Girder Sections 126
6.3 Doubly Symmetric I-Shaped Beams and Girders—Introduction 130
6.4 Method A:The Basic Procedure for Doubly Symmetric I-Shaped Beams and Plate Girders 131
6.5 Method B:The Single-Formula Simplified Procedure for Doubly Symmetric I-Shaped Beams and Plate Girders 137
6.6 Method C:The Double-Formula Simplified Procedure for Doubly Symmetric I-Shaped Beams and Plate Girders 139
6.8 Girders Symmetrical about the y-y Axis but Unsymmetri-cal about the x-x Axis 141
6.7 Summary with Respect to Design Formulas for Doubly Symmetric I-Shaped Beams and Plate Girders 141
6.9 Doubly Symmetric Girders with Variable Flange Area 145
6.10 Continuous Beams 145
6.11 Channels and Special Shapes 146
6.12 Types of Lateral Support 148
6.13 Effect of Concrete Encasement 149
Chapter Seven Plate Girders 152
7.1 Introduction 152
7.2 Web Buckling as a Basisfor Design 155
7.3 Shear Strength of Plate Girders 157
7.4 Girders with No Intermediate Stiffeners 166
7.5 Bending Strength of Plate Girders 167
7.6 Combined Bending and Shear 171
7.7 Plate Girders with Longitudinal Stiffeners 172
7.8 End Panels 176
7.9 Design of Stiffeners 176
7.10 Panels Under Edge Loading 179
7.11 Fatigue 182
7.12 Research Needs 182
Chapter Eight Beam-Columns 189
8.1 Introduction 189
8.2 Beam-Column Design Based on Load at Initial Yield 192
8.3 Beam-Column Strength in Bending Without Lateral Buckling 196
8.4 Strength of Laterally Unsupported Beam-Columns 201
8.5 Beam-Columns Having Unequal End Moments 202
8.6 Beam-Columns with Lateral Loading 204
8.7 Beam-Columns in Biaxial Bending 205
8.8 Evaluation of Interaction Design Formulae 216
8.9 Restrained Beam-Columns 218
8.10 Design Trends and Research Needs 219
Chapter Nine Thin-Walled Metal Construction 227
9.1 Introduction 227
9.2 Flexural Members 228
9.3 Compression Members 242
9.4 Diaphragm Action of Thin-Walled Panels 253
9.5 Bracing Requirements 254
Chapter Ten Circular Tubes and Shells 261
10.1 Introduction 261
10.2 Production Practice 261
10.3 Material Properties 263
10.4 General Buckling Behavior 264
10.5 Circular Tubes and Shells Subjected to Axial Compression 266
10.6 Cylindrical Shells Subjected to Bending 284
10.7 Cylindrical Shells Subjected to Torsion 286
10.8 Cylindrical Shells Subjected to Transverse Shear 288
10.9 Cylindrical Shells Subjected to Uniform Pressure 289
10.10 Cylinders Subjected to Combined Loadings 310
10.11 Special Topics 318
Chapter Eleven Tapered Structural Members 330
11.1 Introduction 330
11.2 Frame Analysis 331
11.3 Stress Analysis 337
11.4 Stability of Tapered Members 341
11.5 Development of Axial Compression Formulas 343
11.6 Development of Bending Formulas 348
11.7 Interaction:Axial Compression and Bending 354
11.8 Summary 356
Chapter Twelve Columns with Lacing,Battens,or Perforated Cover Plates 359
12.1 Introduction 359
12.2 Effects of Shear Distortion and Axial Force 360
12.3 Laced Structural Members 362
12.4 Columns with Battens 367
12.5 Tie Plates and Spaced Problems 372
12.6 Columns with Perforated Plates 376
12.7 Design of Lattice Towers and Masts 378
13.1 Introduction 381
Chapter Thirteen Mill-Building Columns 381
13.2 Effective Length of Stepped Columns 383
13.3 Design Procedure for Stepped Columns 384
13.4 Design Trends and Research Needs 392
Chapter Fourteen Members with Elastic Lateral Restraints 394
14.1 Introduction 394
14.2 Buckling of the Compression Chord 396
14.3 Effect of Secondary Factors on Buckling Load 402
14.4 Top-Chord Stresses Due to Bending of Floorbeams and to Initial Chord Eccentricities 403
14.5 Design Procedures 403
14.7 Guyed Towers 407
14.6 Plate Girder with Elastically Braced Compression Flange 407
Chapter Fifteen Multistory Frames 410
15.1 Introduction 410
15.2 Frame Buckling and Frame Instability 410
15.3 Methods of Providing Resistance to Lateral Loads 414
15.4 Effective-Column-Length Design Procedure 414
15.5 Determination of K 418
15.6 Column Base Effects on K 423
15.7 Modifications of K for Flexible Connections 423
15.8 Effects of Residual Stresses and Effective I on the Value of K 424
15.9 Floor-Diaphragm Action and Torsional Stability 425
15.10 Plastic-Design Procedure 426
15.11 P△ Design Procedure 430
15.12 Strength of Frames Designed by the Allowable-Stress Method—Comprehensive Studies 436
15.13 Frames That Can Be Designed Without Considering Frame Instability 442
15.14 Design Examples 443
Chapter Sixteen Arches 455
16.1 Introduction 455
16.2 Elastic In-Plane Buckling Under Loadings That Produce Pure Axial Compression 455
16.3 In-Plane Buckling of Arches Under General Loadings 463
16.4 Arch-Bending Analysis 468
16.5 Shallow Arches 469
16.6 The Symmetrical Shallow Arch,Symmetrically Loaded 471
16.7 Out-of-Plane Buckling of Curved Members 476
16.8 Out-of-Plane Buckling of Members Shaped as Circular Arcs 478
16.9 Out-of-Plane Buckling of Parabolic Arches 480
16.10 Braced Arches 482
16.11 Amplification of Deflections and Stresses Due to Trans-verse Forces 483
16.12 Arches of Thin-Walled Open Cross Section 484
Chapter Seventeen Stiffened Flat Plates 488
17.1 Introduction 488
17.2 Methods of Analysis 488
17.3 Elastic Buckling of Stiffened-Plate Elements Under Uniaxial Compression 489
17.4 Post-Buckling of Longitudinally Stiffened Plates Under Longitudinal Compression 494
17.5 Buckling of Orthotropic Plates 498
17.6 Combined Compression and Shear 504
17.7 Laterally Loaded Plates in Compression 507
17.8 Residual Stresses 509
17.9 Research Needs 512
Chapter Eighteen Shells and Shell-Like Structures 514
18.1 Introduction 514
18.2 General Buckling—Spherical Shell-Like Structures 516
18.3 Local Buckling—Spherical Shell-Like Structures 520
18.4 Member Buckling 521
18.5 Design Trends and Research Needs 522
19.1 Introduction 524
Chapter Nineteen Composite Columns 524
19.2 Research on Structural Shapes Encased in Concrete 526
19.3 Design of Structural Shapes Encased in Concrete 529
19.4 Steel-Encased Concrete Column Research(Concrete-Filled Steel Tubes) 540
19.5 Design of Steel-Encased Concrete Columns 542
19.6 Design Trends and Research Needs 547
Appendix A General References 552
Appendix B Technical Memoranda of Column Research Council 554
Appendix C Column Research Council 585
Appendix D Acknowledgments 589
Name Index 596
Subject Index 606