Chapter One Introduction 1
Preliminary Remarks 1
1.1 Broad Preview 1
1.2 Remaining Issues in Previous Studies 3
1.3 Rationale of the Present Research 4
1.4 Objective of the Current Study 6
1.5 Description of the Target Data 8
1.6 The Organization of the Book 8
Chapter Two Literature Review 10
2.1 Diversified Terminology 10
2.2 Various Perspectives on Pragmatic Markers 12
2.2.1 Pragmatic Markers and Logic-syntactic Structure 12
2.2.2 Pragmatic Markers and Discourse Coherence 15
2.2.3 Pragmatic Markers and Relevance Theory 18
2.2.4 Pragmatic Markers from a Pragmatic Perspective 22
2.3 Summary 24
Chapter Three Theoretical Framework 26
3.1 Theoretical Grounds for the Research Approach 26
3.1.1 Game Theory and the Application of Its Ideas 27
3.1.2 Pragmatic Studies on Implicature 35
3.1.3 Discourse Analysis and the Main Issues 39
3.2 Description of the Conceptual Framework 40
3.2.1 Dynamic Collaboration 41
3.2.2 Interactive Coherence 44
3.2.3 Bilateral Optimalization 46
3.3 Summary 48
Chapter Four Properties of Pragmatic Markers 50
4.1 Identification of Pragmatic Markers 50
4.1.1 Previous Definitions of Pragmatic Markers 50
4.1.2 Operational Definition of Pragmatic Markers 52
4.2 Distinctive Features of Pragmatic Markers 55
4.3 Taxonomies of Pragmatic Markers 57
4.3.1 Interaction Initiating Markers 58
4.3.2 Sequential Markers 60
4.3.3 Attitudinal Markers 63
4.3.4 Illocutionary Force Markers 65
4.3.5 Tactic Markers 66
4.3.6 Information Intensifying Markers 69
4.3.7 Interim Summary 70
4.4 Interpretative Orientation of Pragmatic Markers 70
4.5 Pragmatic Markers and Inference of Explicatures and Implicatures 75
4.5.1 Distinction of the Explicit/Implicit,Explicature/Implicature 75
4.5.2 Conceptual and Procedural Meanings of Pragmatic Markers 78
4.5.3 Pragmatic Markers and Constraints on Implicature 81
4.6 Summary 83
Chapter Five Pragmatic Markers in Interactive Discourse 84
5.1 Pragmatic Markers as Devices of Discourse Coherence in Interaction 84
5.1.1 Pragmatic Markers Signaling Conversational Development 84
5.1.2 Pragmatic Markers Functioning as Information Management Devices 86
5.1.3 Pragmatic Markers Highlighting Interpersonal Relationship 89
5.1.4 Pragmatic Markers Conveying Communicative Attitude 91
5.2 Multifunctionality of Pragmatic Markers 93
5.3 Distribution of Pragmatic Markers in Argumentative Discourse 96
5.4 Summary 99
Chapter Six Factors Influencing the Use of Pragmatic Markers 100
6.1 Social Variables 100
6.1.1 Interaction Situation 101
6.1.2 Speaker Role 105
6.1.3 Speech Community 107
6.2 Speech Genre 110
6.3 Cultural Values 112
6.4 Summary 113
Chapter Seven Conclusion 115
7.1 Summary of the Major Findings 115
7.1.1 Findings Relating to the Dynamic Process of Verbal Interaction 115
7.1.2 Findings Concerning Pragmatic Markers in Interactive Discourse 116
7.2 Implications and Applications 117
7.3 Limitations of the Present Study 119
7.4 Suggestions for Further Research 120
Appendix 1 122
Appendix 2 123
BIBLIOGRAPHY 124