CHAPTER ONE Introduction 1
1 Importance of Intercultural Communication 2
1.1 The New Technology 4
1.2 The New Population 6
1.3 The New Economic Arena 10
2 Studying Intercultural Communication 13
3 Intercultural Communication 16
3.1 Host and Minority Cultures 18
3.2 Subcultures(Co-cultures) 19
3.3 Multiculturalism 21
3.4 Cross-cultural Communication 23
3.5 Principles of Intercultural Communication 25
3.6 Rationale 28
3.7 Approach 29
3.8 Philosophy 30
Exercises 30
Bibliography and Further Reading 33
CHAPTER TWO Language Use and Communication 35
1 Human Communication 36
1.1 Intentional and Unintentional Behavior 37
1.2 A Definition of Communication 38
1.3 The Components of Communication 40
2 Pragmatics:Language Use 43
2.1 The Problem 44
2.2 The Message Model of Linguistic Communication 48
2.3 Problems with the Message Model 50
2.4 An Inferential Approach to Communication 56
2.5 Inferential Theories versus the Message Model 59
3 The Characteristics of Communication 61
3.1 No Direct Mind-to-Mind Contact 62
3.2 We Can Only Infer 63
3.3 Communication Is Symbolic 63
3.4 Time-Binding Links Us Together 65
3.5 We Seek to Define the World 66
3.6 Communication Has a Consequence 67
3.7 Communication Is Dynamic 69
3.8 Communication Is Contextual 70
3.9 Communication Is Self-Reflective 73
4 The Brain Is an Open System 74
5 We Are Alike and We Are Different 75
Exercises 78
Bibliography and Further Reading 83
CHAPTER THREE Culture and Communication 85
1 Culture Is our Invisible Teacher 87
1.1 The Basic Functions of Culture 87
1.2 Some Definitions of Culture 88
1.3 The Characteristics of Culture 91
2 Language and Culture 107
3 Teaching Culture 110
4 Forms of Intercultural Communication 113
5 An Intercultural Communication Model 117
6 Elements of Intercultural Communication 124
6.1 Perception 125
6.2 Verbal Processes 132
6.3 Nonverbal Processes 134
Exercises 136
Bibliography and Further Reading 140
CHAPTER FOUR Cultural Diversity in Perception 143
1 Understanding Perception 144
1.1 Culture and Perception 145
1.2 Beliefs 147
1.3 Values 149
2 Dominant American Cultural Patterns 151
2.1 Individualism 152
2.2 Equality 153
2.3 Materialism 153
2.4 Science and Technology 154
2.5 Progress and Change 155
2.6 Activity and Work 155
3 Diverse Cultural Patterns 157
3.1 Hofstede's Value Dimensions 158
3.2 Kluckhohn,Kluckhohn,and Strodtbeck's Value Orientations 169
3.3 Hall's High-and Low-Context Communication 176
3.4 Et Cetera 180
Exercises 189
Bibliography and Further Reading 190
CHAPTER FIVE The Deep Structure of Culture 195
1 World View 197
1.1 Religion 199
1.2 A Comparison of World Views 218
2 Family 221
2.1 Importance and Functions 221
2.2 Culture and Family 222
3 History 231
3.1 Americans 232
3.2 Jews 235
3.3 Russians 236
3.4 Chinese 237
3.5 Japanese 239
3.6 Arabs 240
Exercises 241
Bibliography and Further Reading 242
CHAPTER SIX Cross-cultural Pragmatics 247
1 Direct and Literal Communication 248
1.1 Direct Strategy 248
1.2 Literal Strategy 252
2 Nonliteral Communication 254
2.1 Strategies for Nonliteral Communication 259
2.2 Indirect Communication 260
2.3 Strategies for Indirect Communication 263
2.4 Proverbs 265
3 Discourse and Conversation 267
3.1 Language and Context 268
3.2 Openings 270
3.3 Turn Taking 272
3.4 Closings 273
3.5 Conclusion 274
4 Special Topics on Pragmatics 275
4.1 Performatives 275
4.2 Speech Acts 279
4.3 Meaning,Saying,and Implicating 283
4.4 Pragmatic Presupposition 288
4.5 Speaker Reference 291
4.6 Conclusion 294
Exercises 294
Bibliography and Further Reading 297
CHAPTER SEVEN Words and Meanings 302
1 The Importance of Language 303
2 The Nature of Language 304
3 Culture and Meaning 306
4 Language and Culture 308
4.1 Patterns of Thought 309
4.2 The Use of Language 311
5 Foreign Languages and Translation 320
5.1 Types of Equivalence 322
5.2 Problems of Translation 325
5.3 Working with a Translator 327
6 Female Language in Communication 329
7 Argot in English Language 334
7.1 What is Argot? 334
7.2 Functions of Argot 336
Exercises 339
Bibliography and Further Reading 341
CHAPTER EIGHT Nonverbal Communication 344
1 The Importance of Nonverbal Communication 345
2 Defining Nonverbal Communication 347
3 Functions of Nonverbal Communication 349
3.1 Repeating 349
3.2 Complementing 349
3.3 Substituting 350
3.4 Regulating 350
4 Verbal and Nonverbal Symbol Systems 351
4.1 Similarities 351
4.2 Differences 352
5 Nonverbal Communication and Culture 353
6 Body Behavior 356
6.1 General Appearance and Dress 356
6.2 Body Movements:Kinesics and Posture 359
6.3 Facial Expressions？ 365
6.4 Eye Contact and Gaze 367
6.5 Touch 370
6.6 Smell 375
6.7 Paralanguage 377
7 Space and Distance 380
7.1 Personal Space 381
7.2 Seating 382
7.3 Furniture Arrangement 383
8 Time 387
8.1 Informal Time 387
8.2 Past,Present,and Future 390
8.3 Monochronic(M-time)and Polychronic(P-time) 391
9 Silence 395
Exercises 398
Bibliography and Further Reading 401