1．History of Optics 1
References 15
2．What is Light? 17
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 The Corpuscular Model 17
2.3 The Wave Model 19
2.4 The Particle Nature of Radiation 21
2.5 Wave Nature of Matter 22
2.6 The Uncertainty Principle 23
2.7 The Single Slit Diffraction Experiment 24
2.8 The Probabilistic Interpretation of Matter Waves 25
2.9 An Understanding of Interference Experiments 26
2.10 The Polarization of a Photon 28
2.11 The Time-energy Uncertainty Relation 30
Summary 30
Problems 31
Solutions 31
References and Suggested Readings 32
Part 1 Geometrical Optics 34
3．Fermat's Principle and Its Applications 35
3.1 Introduction 35
3.2 Laws of Reflection and Refraction from Fermat's Principle 36
3.3 Ray paths in an Inhomogeneous Medium 40
3.4 The Ray Equation and its Solutions 44
3.5 Refraction of Rays at the Interface between an Isotropic Medium and an Anisotropic Medium 50
Summary 53
Problems 53
References and Suggested Readings 56
4．Refraction and Reflection by Spherical Surfaces 57
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 Refraction at a Single Spherical Surface 58
4.3 Reflection by a Single Spherical Surface 59
4.4 The Thin Lens 60
4.5 The Principal FOCI and Focal Lengths of a Lens 61
4.6 The Newton Formula 63
4.7 Lateral Magnification 63
4.8 Aplanatic Points of a Sphere 64
4.9 The Cartesian Oval 66
4.10 Geometrical Proof for the Existence of Aplanatic Points 66
4.11 The Sine Condition 67
Summary 69
Problems 69
References and Suggested Readings 70
5．The Matrix Method in Paraxial Optics 71
5.1 Introduction 71
5.2 The Matrix Method 72
5.3 Unit Planes 77
5.4 Nodal Planes 78
5.5 A System of Two Thin Lenses 79
Summary 81
Problems 81
References and Suggested Readings 82
6．Aberrations 83
6.1 Introduction 83
6.2 Chromatic Aberration 83
6.3 Monochromatic Aberrations 86
Summary 94
Problems 94
References and Suggested Readings 95
Part 2 Vibrations and Waves 97
7．Simple Harmonic Motion,Forced Vibrations and Origin of Refractive Index 99
7.1 Introduction 99
7.2 Simple Harmonic Motion 99
7.3 Damped Simple Harmonic Motion 103
7.4 Forced Vibrations 105
7.5 Origin of Refractive Index 107
7.6 Rayleigh Scattering 111
Summary 112
Problems 112
References and Suggested Readings 114
8．Fourier Series and Applications 115
8.1 Introduction 115
8.2 Transverse Vibrations of a Plucked String 118
8.3 Application of Fourier Series in Forced Vibrations 119
8.4 The Fourier Integral 120
Summary 121
Problems 122
References and Suggested Readings 122
9．The Dirac Delta Function and Fourier Transforms 123
9.1 Introduction 123
9.2 Representations of the Dirac Delta Function 123
9.3 Integral Representation of the Delta Function 124
9.4 Delta Function as a Distribution 124
9.5 Fourier Integral Theorem 125
9.6 The Two and Three Dimensional Fourier Transform 127
Summary 128
Problems 128
10．Group Velocity and Pulse Dispersion 131
10.1 Introduction 131
10.2 Group Velocity 131
10.3 Group Velocity of a Wave Packet 135
10.4 Self Phase Modulation 141
Summary 143
Problems 144
References and Suggested Readings 145
11．Wave Propagation and the Wave Equation 147
11.1 Introduction 147
11.2 Sinusoidal Waves:Concept of Frequency and Wavelength 149
11.3 Types of Waves 150
11.4 Energy Transport in Wave Motion 150
11.5 The One-dimensional Wave Equation 151
11.6 Transverse Vibrations of a Stretched String 152
11.7 Longitudinal Sound Waves in a Solid 153
11.8 Longitudinal Waves in a Gas 154
11.9 The General Solution of the One-dimensional Wave Equation 155
Summary 159
Problems 159
References and Suggested Readings 160
12．Huygens'Principle and Its Applications 161
12.1 Introduction 161
12.2 Huygens'Theory 161
12.3 Rectilinear Propagation 162
12.4 Application of Huygens'Principle to Study Refraction and Reflection 163
12.5 Huygens'Principle in Inhomogeneous Media 169
Summary 169
Problems 170
References and Suggested Readings 170
Part 3 Interference 171
13．Superposition of Waves 173
13.1 Introduction 173
13.2 Stationary Waves on a String 173
13.3 Stationary Waves on a String Whose Ends are Fixed 175
13.4 Stationary Light Waves:Ives and Wiener's Experiments 176
13.5 Superposition of Two Sinusoidal Waves 176
13.6 The Graphical Method for Studying Superposition of Sinusoidal Waves 177
13.7 The Complex Representation 179
Summary 179
Problems 179
References and Suggested Readings 180
14．Two Beam Interference by Division of Wavefront 181
14.1 Introduction 181
14.2 Interference Pattern Produced on the Surface of Water 182
14.3 Coherence 185
14.4 Interference of Light Waves 186
14.5 The Interference Pattern 187
14.6 The Intensity Distribution 188
14.7 Fresnel's Two-mirror Arrangement 193
14.8 Fresnel Biprism 194
14.9 Interference with White Light 195
14.10 Displacement of Fringes 195
14.11 The Lloyd's Mirror Arrangement 196
14.12 Phase Change on Reflection 196
Summary 197
Problems 197
References and Suggested Readings 198
15．Interference by Division of Amplitude 199
15.1 Introduction 199
15.2 Interference by a Plane Parallel Film when Illuminated by a Plane Wave 200
15.3 The Cosine Law 201
15.4 Non-reflecting Films 203
15.5 High Reflectivity by Thin Film Deposition 205
15.6 Reflection by a Periodic Structure 206
15.7 Interference by a Plane Parallel Film when Illuminated by a Point Source 210
15.8 Interference by a Film with Two Non-parallel Reflecting Surfaces 212
15.9 Colours of Thin Films 215
15.10 Newton's Rings 216
15.11 The Michelson Interferometer 220
Summary 223
Problems 223
References and Suggested Readings 224
16．Multiple Beam Interferometry 225
16.1 Introduction 225
16.2 Multiple Reflections from a Plane Parallel Film 225
16.3 The Fabry-perot Etalon 227
16.4 The Fabry-perot Interferometer 229
16.5 Resolving Power 230
16.6 The Lummer-Gehrcke Plate 233
16.7 Interference Filters 234
Summary 235
Problems 235
References and Suggested Readings 235
17．Coherence 237
17.1 Introduction 237
17.2 The Linewidth 239
17.3 The Spatial Coherence 240
17.4 Michelson Stellar Interferometer 242
17.5 Optical Beats 243
17.6 Coherence Time and Linewidth via Fourier Analysis 245
17.7 Complex Degree of Coherence and Fringe Visibility in Young's Double-hole Experiment 246
17.8 Fourier Transform Spectroscopy 248
Summary 253
Problems 253
References and Suggested Readings 254
Part 4 Diffraction 255
18．Fraunhofer Diffraction:Ⅰ 257
18.1 Introduction 257
18.2 Single-slit Diffraction Pattern 258
18.3 Diffraction by a Circular Aperture 262
18.4 Directionality of Laser Beams 264
18.5 Limit of Resolution 269
18.6 Two-slit Fraunhofer Diffraction Pattern 271
18.7 N-slit Fraunhofer Diffraction Pattern 274
18.8 The Diffraction Grating 277
18.9 Oblique Incidence 280
18.10 X-ray Diffraction 281
18.11 The Self-focusing Phenomenon 285
18.12 Optical Media Technology-an Essay 287
Summary 290
Problems 290
References and Suggested Readings 292
19．Fraunhofer Diffraction:Ⅱ and Fourier Optics 293
19.1 Introduction 293
19.2 The Fresnel Diffraction Integral 293
19.3 Uniform Amplitude and Phase Distribution 295
19.4 The Fraunhofer Approximation 295
19.5 Fraunhofer Diffraction by a Long Narrow Slit 295
19.6 Fraunhofer Diffraction by a Rectangular Aperture 296
19.7 Fraunhofer Diffraction by a Circular Aperture 297
19.8 Array of Identical Apertures 298
19.9 Spatial Frequency Filtering 299
19.10 The Fourier Transforming Property of a Thin Lens 302
Summary 304
Problems 304
References and Suggested Readings 304
20．Fresnel Diffraction 305
20.1 Introduction 305
20.2 Fresnel Half-period Zones 306
20.3 The Zone-plate 308
20.4 Fresnel Diffraction—A More Rigorous Approach 310
20.5 Gaussian Beam Propagation 312
20.6 Diffraction by a Straight Edge 314
20.7 Diffraction of a Plane Wave by a Long Narrow Slit and Transition to The Fraunhofer Region 319
Summary 322
Problems 323
References and Suggested Readings 324
21．Holography 325
21.1 Introduction 325
21.2 Theory 327
21.3 Requirements 330
21.4 Some Applications 330
Summary 332
Problems 333
References and Suggested Readings 333
Part 5 Electromagnetic Character of Light 335
22．Polarization and Double Refraction 337
22.1 Introduction 337
22.2 Production of Polarized Light 340
22.3 Malus'Law 343
22.4 Superposition of Two Disturbances 344
22.5 The Phenomenon of Double Refraction 347
22.6 Interference of Polarized Light:Quarter Wave Plates and Half Wave Plates 351
22.7 Analysis of Polarized Light 354
22.8 Optical Activity 355
22.9 Change in the SoP(State of Polarization)of a Light Beam Propagating Through an Elliptic Core Single Mode Optical Fiber 356
22.10 Wollaston Prism 358
22.11 Rochon Prism 359
22.12 Plane Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media 360
22.13 Ray Velocity and Ray Refractive Index 364
22.14 Jones Calculus 366
22.15 Faraday Rotation 367
22.16 Theory of Optical Activity 368
Summary 370
Problems 371
References and Suggested Readings 373
23．Electromagnetic Waves 375
23.1 Maxwell's Equations 375
23.2 Plane Waves in a Dielectric 376
23.3 The Three-dimensional Wave Equation in a Dielectric 378
23.4 The Poynting Vector 379
23.5 Energy Density and Intensity of an Electromagnetic Wave 382
23.6 Radiation Pressure 383
23.7 The Wave Equation in a Conducting Medium 384
23.8 The Continuity Conditions 385
23.9 Physical Significance of Maxwell's Equations 386
Summary 388
Problems 388
References and Suggested Readings 389
24．Reflection and Refraction of Electromagnetic Waves 391
24.1 Introduction 391
24.2 Reflection at an Interface of Two Dielectrics 391
24.3 Reflection by a Conducting Medium 404
24.4 Reflectivity of a Dielectric Film 405
Summary 406
Problems 407
References and Suggested Readings 408
Part 6 Photons 409
25．The Particle Nature of Radiation 411
25.1 Introduction 412
25.2 The Photoelectric Effect 412
25.3 The Compton Effect 414
25.4 The Photon Mass 418
25.5 Angular Momentum of a Photon 418
Summary 420
Problems 421
References and Suggested Readings 421
Part 7 Lasers ＆ Fiber Optics 423
26．Lasers:An Introduction 425
26.1 Introduction 425
26.2 The Fiber Laser 432
26.3 The Ruby Laser 433
26.4 The He-Ne Laser 435
26.5 Optical Resonators 436
26.6 Einstein Coefficients and Optical Amplification 440
26.7 The Line-shape Function 446
26.8 Typical Parameters for a Ruby Laser 447
26.9 Monochromaticity of the Laser Beam 448
26.10 Raman Amplification and Raman Laser 449
Summary 452
Problems 453
References and Suggested Readings 454
27．Fiber Optics Ⅰ:Basic Concepts and Ray Optics Considerations 455
27.1 Introduction 456
27.2 Some Historical Remarks 456
27.3 Total Internal Reflection 458
27.4 The Optical Fiber 460
27.5 Why Glass Fibers? 461
27.6 The Coherent Bundle 461
27.7 The Numerical Aperture 462
27.8 Attenuation in Optical Fibers 463
27.9 The Attenuation Limit 465
27.10 Pulse Dispersion in Multimode Optical Fibers 465
27.11 Dispersion and Maximum Bit Rates 468
27.12 Fiber Optic Sensors 469
Problems 470
References and Suggested Readings 470
28．Fiber Optics Ⅱ:Basic Waveguide Theory and Concept of Modes 471
28.1 Introduction 471
28.2 Te Modes of a Symmetric Step Index Planar Waveguide 472
28.3 Physical Understanding of Modes 475
28.4 Te Modes of a Parabolic Index Planar Waveguide 477
28.5 Tm Modes of a Symmetric Step Index Planar Waveguide 478
28.6 Waveguide Theory and Quantum Mechanics 478
Problems 480
References and Suggested Readings 481
29．Fiber Optics Ⅲ:Single Mode Fibers 483
29.1 Introduction 483
29.2 Basic Equations 483
29.3 Guided Modes of a Step Index Fiber 485
29.4 Single Mode Fiber 488
29.5 Pulse Dispersion in Single Mode Fibers 489
29.6 Dispersion Compensating Fibers 491
Problems 494
References and Suggested Readings 494
Appendix A:Gamma Functions and Integrals Involving Gaussian Functions A 495
Appendix B:Evaluation of the Integral B 497
Appendix C:Diffraction of a Gaussian Beam C 498
Appendix D:TE and TM Modes in Planar Waveguides D 499
Name Index I 509
Subject Index I 501