0 Introduction to Chemical Engineering 5
1 Distillation 5
1.1 Introduction 5
1.2 Vapour-liquid Equilibrium 7
1.3 Methods of Distillation—Two Component Mixtures 14
1.4 The Fractionating Columu 19
1.5 Conditions for Varying Overflow in Non-ideal Binary Systems 25
1.6 Batch Distillation 31
1.7 Multicomponent Mixtures 33
2 Evaporation 39
2.1 Introduction 39
2.2 Heat Transfer in Evaporators 40
2.3 Single-effect Evaporators 48
2.4 Multiple-effect Evaporators 50
2.5 Improved Efficiency in Evaporation 53
2.6 Evaporator Operation 58
2.7 Equipment for Evaporation 61
3 Crystallization 74
3.1 Introduction 74
3.2 Crystallization Fundamentals 76
3.3 Crystallization from Solutions 102
3.4 Fractional Crystallization 106
3.5 Freeze Crystallization 108
3.6 High Pressure Crystallization 111
4 Drying 115
4.1 Introduction 115
4.2 General Principles 116
4.3 Rate of Drying 118
4.4 The Mechanism of Moisture Movement during Drying 122
4.5 Drying Equipment 130
4.6 Specialised Drying Methods 152
5 Adsorption 159
5.1 Introduction 159
5.2 The Nature of Adsorbents 165
5.3 Adsorption Equilibria 171
5.4 Adsorption from Liquids 178
5.5 Structure of Adsorbents 179
5.6 Kinetic Effects 182
5.7 Adsorption Equipment 186
5.8 Regeneration of Spent Adsorbent 188
6 Membrane Separation Processes 197
6.1 Introduction 197
6.2 Classification of Membrane Processes 198
6.3 The Nature of Synthetic Membranes 200
6.4 General Membrane Equation 205
6.5 Cross-flow Microfiltration 207
6.6 Ultrafiltration 210
6.7 Reverse Osmosis 214
6.8 Membrane Modules and Plant Configuration 216
6.9 Membrane Fouling 222
6.10 Electrodialysis 224
6.11 Reverse Osmosis Water Treatrment Plant 227
6.12 Pervaporation 230
6.13 Liquid Membranes 233
6.14 Gas Separations 235
7 Product Design and Process 237
7.1 Product Design 237
7.2 Process Intensification 249
References 267