Index 1
References 1
B.1 Chapter 1 Solutions 2
Introduction 2
Appendix B Solutions to Selected Exercises 2
A.1 Introduction 2
Appendix A Pipelining:Basic and Intermediate Concepts 2
Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Computer Design 2
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 The Changing Face of Computing and the Task of the Computer Designer 4
B.2 Chapter 2 Solutions 7
A.2 The Major Hurdle of Pipelining—Pipeline Hazards 11
1.3 Technology Trends 11
B.3 Chapter 3 Solutions 11
1.4 Cost,Price,and Their Trends 14
B.4 Chapter 4 Solutions 16
B.5 Chapter 5 Solutions 21
1.5 Measuring and Reporting Performance 24
B.6 Chapter 6 Solutions 25
A.3 How Is Pipelining Implemented？ 26
B.7 Chapter 7 Solutions 29
B.8 Chapter 8 Solutions 30
B.9 Appendix A Solutions 35
A.4 What Makes Pipelining Hard to Implement？ 37
1.6 Quantitative Principles of Computer Design 39
A.5 Extending the MIPS Pipeline to Handle Multicycle Operations 47
1.7 Putting It All Together:Performance and Price-Performance 48
1.8 Another View:Power Consumption and Efficiency as the Metric 56
A.6 Putting It All Together:The MIPS R4000 Pipeline 57
1.9 Fallacies and Pitfalls 57
1.10 Concluding Remarks 65
A.7 Another View:The MIPS R4300 Pipeline 66
1.11 Historical Perspective and References 67
A.8 Crosscutting Issues 67
Exercises 74
A.9 Fallacies and Pitfalls 77
A.11 Historical Perspective and References 78
A.10 Concluding Remarks 78
Exercises 81
Chapter 2 Instruction Set Principles and Examples 90
2.1 Introduction 90
2.2 Classifying Instruction Set Architectures 92
2.3 Memory Addressing 95
2.4 Addressing Modes for Signal Processing 101
2.5 Type and Size of Operands 104
2.6 Operands for Media and Signal Processing 105
2.7 Operations in the Instruction Set 108
2.8 Operations for Media and Signal Processing 109
2.9 Instructions for Control Flow 111
2.10 Encoding an Instruction Set 117
2.11 Crosscutting Issues:The Role of Compilers 120
2.12 Putting It All Together:The MIPS Architecture 129
2.13 Another View:The Trimedia TM32 CPU 136
2.14 Fallacies and Pitfalls 142
2.15 Concluding Remarks 147
2.16 Historical Perspective and References 148
Exercises 161
3.1 Instruction-Level Parallelism:Concepts and Challenges 172
Chapter 3 Instruction-Level Parallelism and Its Dynamic Exploitation 172
3.2 Overcoming Data Hazards with Dynamic Scheduling 181
3.3 Dynamic Scheduling:Examples and the Algorithm 189
3.4 Reducing Branch Costs with Dynamic Hardware Prediction 196
3.5 High-Performance Instruction Delivery 209
3.6 Taking Advantage of More ILP with Multiple Issue 215
3.7 Hardware-Based Speculation 224
3.8 Studies of the Limitations of ILP 240
3.9 Limitations on ILP for Realizable Processors 253
3.10 Putting It All Together:The P6 Microarchitecture 259
3.11 Another View:Thread-Level Parallelism 272
3.12 Crosscutting Issues:Using an ILP Data Path to Exploit TLP 273
3.13 Fallacies and Pitfalls 273
3.14 Concluding Remarks 276
3.15 Historical Perspective and References 280
Exercises 288
Chapter 4 Exploiting Instruction-Level Parallelism with Software Approaches 304
4.1 Basic Compiler Techniques for Exposing ILP 304
4.2 Static Branch Prediction 313
4.3 Static Multiple Issue:The VLIW Approach 315
4.4 Advanced Compiler Support for Exposing and Exploiting ILP 319
4.5 Hardware Support for Exposing More Parallelism at Compile Time 340
4.6 Crosscutting Issues:Hardware versus Software Speculation Mechanisms 350
4.7 Putting It All Together:The Intel IA-64 Architecture and (?)tanium Processor 351
4.8 AnotherView:ILP in the Embedded and Mobile Markets 363
4.9 Fallacies and Pitfalls 370
4.10 Concluding Remarks 372
4.11 Historical Perspective and References 373
Exercises 378
Chapter 5 Memory Hierarchy Design 390
5.1 Introduction 390
5.2 Review of the ABCs of Caches 392
5.3 Cache Performance 406
5.4 Reducing Cache Miss Penalty 413
5.5 Reducing Miss Rate 423
5.6 Reducing Cache Miss Penalty or Miss Rate via Parallelism 435
5.7 Reducing Hit Time 443
5.8 Main Memory and Organizations for Improving Performance 448
5.9 Memory Technology 454
5.10 Virtual Memory 460
5.11 Protection and Examples of Virtual Memory 469
5.12 Crosscutting Issues:The Design of Memory Hierarchies 478
5.13 Putting It All Together:Alpha 21264 Memory Hierarchy 482
5.14 Another View:The Emotion Engine of the Sony Playstation 2 490
5.15 Another View:The Sun Fire 6800 Server 494
5.16 Fallacies and Pitfalls 498
5.17 Concluding Remarks 504
5.18 Historical Perspective and References 504
Exercises 513
Chapter 6 Multiprocessors and Thread-Level Parallelism 528
6.1 Introduction 528
6.2 Characteristics of Application Domains 540
6.3 Symmetric Shared-Memory Architectures 549
6.4 Performance of Symmetric Shared-Memory Multiprocessors 560
6.5 Distributed Shared-Memory Architectures 576
6.6 Performance of Distributed Shared-Memory Multiprocessors 584
6.7 Synchronization 590
6.8 Models of Memory Consistency:An Introduction 605
6.9 Multithreading:Exploiting Thread-Level Parallelism within a Processor 608
6.10 Crosscutting Issues 615
6.11 Putting It All Together:Sun s Wildfire Prototype 622
6.12 Another View:Multithreading in a Commercial Server 635
6.13 Another View:Embedded Multiprocessors 636
6.14 Fallacies and Pitfalls 637
6.15 Concluding Remarks 643
6.16 Historical Perspective and References 649
Exercises 665
Chapter 7 Storage Systems 678
7.1 Introduction 678
7.2 Types of Storage Devices 679
7.3 Buses—Connecting I/O Devices to CPU/Memory 692
7.4 Reliability,Availability,and Dependability 702
7.5 RAID:Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks 705
7.6 Errors and Failures in Real Systems 710
7.7 I/O Performance Measures 716
7.8 A Little Queuing Theory 720
7.9 Benchmarks of Storage Performance and Avai(?)ability 731
7.10 Crosscutting Issues 737
7.11 Designing an I/O System in Five Easy Pieces 741
7.12 Putting It All Together:EMC Symmetrix and Celerra 754
7.13 Another View:Sanyo VPC-SX5O0 Digital Camera 760
7.14 Fallacies and Pitfalls 763
7.15 Concluding Remarks 769
7.16 Historical Perspective and References 770
Exercises 778
Chapter 8 Interconnection Networks and Clusters 788
8.1 Introduction 788
8.2 A Simple Network 793
8.3 Interconnection Network Media 802
8.4 Connecting More Than Two Computers 805
8.5 Network Topology 814
8.6 Practical Issues for Commercial Interconnection Networks 821
8.7 Examples of Interconnection Networks 825
8.8 Internetworking 830
8.9 Crosscutting Issues for Interconnection Networks 834
8.10 Clusters 838
8.11 Designing a Cluster 843
8.12 Putting It All Together:The Google Cluster of PCs 855
8.13 Another View:Inside a Cell Phone 862
8.14 Fallacies and Pitfalls 867
8.15 Concluding Remarks 870
8.16 Historical Perspective and References 871
Exercises 877