PART Ⅰ Foundation DC Concepts 1
1 Introduction 2
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 The SI System of Units 7
1.3 Converting Units 9
1.4 Power of Ten Notation 10
1.5 Prefixes 13
1.6 Significant Digits and Numerical Accuracy 14
1.7 Circuit Diagrams 16
1.8 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 18
Problems 21
2 Voltage and Current 28
2.1 Atomic Theory Review 30
2.2 The Unit of Electrical Charge:The Coulomb 35
2.3 Voltage 36
2.4 Current 38
2.5 Practical DC Voltage Sources 41
2.6 Measuring Voltage and Current 46
2.7 Switches,Fuses,and Circuit Breakers 51
Problems 52
3 Resistance 58
3.1 Resistance of Conductors 60
3.2 Electrical Wire Tables 62
3.3 Resistance of Wires—Circular Mils 65
3.4 Temperature Effects 69
3.5 Types of Resistors 72
3.6 Color Coding of Resistors 76
3.7 Measuring Resistance—The Ohmmeter 78
3.8 Thermistors 81
3.9 Photoconductive Cells 82
3.10 Nonlinear Resistance 83
3.11 Conductance 85
3.12 Superconductors 86
Problems 88
4 Ohm's Law,Power,and Energy 94
4.1 Ohm's Law 96
4.2 Voltage Polarity and Current Direction 101
4.3 Power 104
4.4 Power Direction Convention 107
4.5 Energy 109
4.6 Efficiency 111
4.7 Nonlinear and Dynamic Resistances 114
4.8 Computer-Aided Circuit Analysis 115
Problems 120
PART Ⅱ Basic DC Analysis 127
5 Series Circuits 128
5.1 Series Circuits 130
5.2 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law 132
5.3 Resistors in Series 134
5.4 Voltage Sources in Series 137
5.5 Interchanging Series Components 138
5.6 The Voltage Divider Rule 139
5.7 Circuit Ground 142
5.8 Voltage Subscripts 143
5.9 Internal Resistance of Voltage Sources 149
5.10 Voltmeter Design 150
5.11 Ohmmeter Design 155
5.12 Ammeter Loading Effects 158
5.13 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 160
Problems 164
6 Parallel Circuits 176
6.1 Parallel Circuits 178
6.2 Kirchhoff's Current Law 179
6.3 Resistors in Parallel 183
6.4 Voltage Sources in Parallel 189
6.5 Current Divider Rule 190
6.6 Analysis of Parallel Circuits 195
6.7 Ammeter Design 198
6.8 Voltmeter Loading Effects 200
6.9 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 203
Problems 207
7 Series-Parallel Circuits 220
7.1 The Series-Parallel Network 222
7.2 Analysis of Series-Parallel Circuits 223
7.3 Applications of Series-Parallel Circuits 231
7.4 Potentiometers 239
7.5 Loading Effects of Instruments 241
7.6 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 247
Problems 254
8 Methods of Analysis 264
8.1 Constant-Current Sources 266
8.2 Source Conversions 268
8.3 Current Sources in Parallel and Series 272
8.4 Branch-Current Analysis 275
8.5 Mesh(Loop)Analysis 280
8.6 Nodal Analysis 288
8.7 Delta-Wye(Pi-Tee)Conversion 296
8.8 Bridge Networks 303
8.9 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 312
Problems 315
9 Network Theorems 326
9.1 Superposition Theorem 328
9.2 Thévenin's Theorem 332
9.3 Norton's Theorem 341
9.4 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 352
9.5 Substitution Theorem 357
9.6 Millman's Theorem 359
9.7 Reciprocity Theorem 361
9.8 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 364
Problems 371
PART Ⅲ Capacitance and Inductance 383
10 Capacitors and Capacitance 384
10.1 Capacitance 386
10.2 Factors Affecting Capacitance 387
10.3 Electric Fields 390
10.4 Dielectrics 393
10.5 Nonideal Effects 394
10.6 Types of Capacitors 395
10.7 Capacitors in Parallel and Series 400
10.8 Capacitor Current and Voltage 404
10.9 Energy Stored by a Capacitor 407
10.10 Capacitor Failures and Troubleshooting 408
Problems 409
11 Capacitor Charging,Discharging,and Simple Waveshaping Circuits 416
11.1 Introduction 418
11.2 Capacitor Charging Equations 422
11.3 Capacitor with an Initial Voltage 427
11.4 Capacitor Discharging Equations 429
11.5 More Complex Circuits 430
11.6 An RC Timing Application 438
11.7 Pulse Response of RC Circuits 440
11.8 Transient Analysis Using Computers 444
Problems 451
12 Magnetism and Magnetic Circuits 460
12.1 The Nature of a Magnetic Field 462
12.2 Electromagnetism 464
12.3 Flux and Flux Density 465
12.4 Magnetic Circuits 467
12.5 Air Gaps,Fringing,and Laminated Cores 468
12.6 Series Elements and Parallel Elements 469
12.7 Magnetic Circuits with DC Excitation 470
12.8 Magnetic Field Intensity and Magnetization Curves 471
12.9 Ampere's Circuital Law 474
12.10 Series Magnetic Circuits:Given Ф,Find NI 475
12.11 Series-Parallel Magnetic Circuits 480
12.12 Series Magnetic Circuits:Given NI,Find Ф 482
12.13 Force Due to an Electromagnet 484
12.14 Properties of Magnetic Materials 485
12.15 Measuring Magnetic Fields 487
Problems 487
13 Inductance and Inductors 492
13.1 Electromagnetic Induction 494
13.2 Induced Voltage and Induction 496
13.3 Self-Inductance 499
13.4 Computing Induced Voltage 501
13.5 Inductances in Series and Parallel 503
13.6 Practical Considerations 504
13.7 Inductance and Steady State DC 507
13.8 Energy Stored by an Inductance 509
13.9 Inductor Troubleshooting Hints 510
Problems 511
14 Inductive Transients 518
14.1 Introduction 520
14.2 Current Buildup Transients 523
14.3 Interrupting Current in an Inductive Circuit 527
14.4 De-energizing Transients 529
14.5 More Complex Circuits 531
14.6 RL Transients Using Computers 537
Problems 542
PART Ⅳ Foundation AC Concepts 547
15 AC Fundamentals 548
15.1 Introduction 550
15.2 Generating AC Voltages 551
15.3 Voltage and Current Conventions for AC 554
15.4 Frequency,Period,Amplitude,and Peak Value 557
15.5 Angular and Graphic Relationships for Sine Waves 561
15.6 Voltage and Currents as Functions of Time 565
15.7 Introduction to Phasors 570
15.8 AC Waveforms and Average Value 579
15.9 Effective Values 585
15.10 Rate of Change of a Sine Wave(Derivative) 590
15.11 AC Voltage and Current Measurement 590
15.12 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 592
Problems 595
16 R,L,and C Elements and the Impedance Concept 604
16.1 Complex Number Review 606
16.2 Complex Numbers inAC Analysis 611
16.4 Resistance and Sinusoidal AC 617
16.3 R,L,and C Circuits with Sinusoidal Excitation 617
16.5 Inductance and Sinusoidal AC 619
16.6 Capacitance and Sinusoidal AC 623
16.7 The Impedance Concept 627
16.8 Computer Analysis of AC Circuits 630
Problems 634
17 Power in AC Circuits 640
17.1 Introduction 642
17.2 Power to a Resistive Load 643
17.3 Power to an Inductive Load 644
17.4 Power to a Capacitive Load 646
17.5 Power in More Complex Circuits 648
17.6 Apparent Power 650
17.7 The Relationship Between P,Q,and S 651
17.8 Power Factor 655
17.9 AC Power Measurement 659
17.10 Effective Resistance 662
17.11 Energy Relationships for AC 663
17.12 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 664
Problems 665
Problems 671
PART Ⅴ Impedance Networks 671
18 AC Series-Parallel Circuits 672
18.1 Ohm's Law for AC Circuits 674
18.2 AC Series Circuits 681
18.3 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law and the Voltage Divider Rule 689
18.4 AC Parallel Circuits 693
18.5 Kirchhoff's Current Law and the Current Divider Rule 698
18.6 Series-Parallel Circuits 701
18.7 Frequency Effects 704
18.8 Applications 710
18.9 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 714
Problems 720
19 Methods of AC Analysis 736
19.1 Dependent Sources 738
19.2 Source Conversion 739
19.3 Mesh(Loop)Analysis 744
10.4 Nodal Analysis 751
19.5 Delta-to-Wye and Wye-to-Delta Conversions 758
19.6 Bridge Networks 762
19.7 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 768
Problems 771
20 AC Network Theorems 782
20.1 Superposition Theorem—Independent Sources 784
20.2 Superposition Theorem—Dependent Sources 789
20.3 Thévenin's Theorem—Independent Sources 791
20.4 Norton's Theorem—Independent Sources 797
20.5 Thévenin's and Norton's Theorems for Dependent Sources 803
20.6 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 813
20.7 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 818
Problems 824
21 Resonance 834
21.1 Series Resonance 836
21.2 Quality Factor,Q 838
21.3 Impedance of a Series Resonant Circuit 841
21.4 Power,Bandwidth,and Selectivity of a Series Resonant Circuit 842
21.5 Series-to-Parallel RL and RC Conversion 851
21.6 Parallel Resonance 857
21.7 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 867
Problems 871
22 Filters and the Bode Plot 882
22.1 The Decibel 884
22.2 Multistage Systems 890
22.3 Simple RC and RL Transfer Functions 893
22.4 The Low-Pass Filter 902
22.5 The High-Pass Filter 909
22.6 The Band-Pass Filter 914
22.7 The Band-Reject Filter 918
22.8 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 920
Problems 924
23 Three-Phase Systems 934
23.1 Three-Phase Voltage Generation 936
23.2 Basic Three-Phase Circuit Connections 937
23.3 Basic Three-Phase Relationships 940
23.4 Examples 948
23.5 Power in a Balanced System 954
23.6 Measuring Power in Three-Phase Circuits 960
23.7 Unbalanced Loads 963
23.8 Power System Loads 967
23.9 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 967
24 Transformers and Coupled Circuits 978
24.1 Introduction 980
24.2 Iron-Core Transformers:The Ideal Model 983
24.3 Reflected Impedance 992
24.4 Transformer Ratings 994
24.5 Transformer Applications 994
24.6 Practical Iron-Core Transformers 1002
24.7 Transformer Tests 1007
24.8 Voltage and Frequency Effects 1009
24.9 Loosely Coupled Circuits 1010
24.10 Magnetically Coupled Circuits with Sinusoidal Excitation 1015
24.11 Coupled Impedance 1017
24.12 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 1019
Problems 1023
25 Nonsinusoidal Waveforms 1030
25.1 Composite Waveforms 1032
25.2 Fourier Series 1034
25.3 Fourier Series of Common Waveforms 1039
25.4 Frequency Spectrum 1046
25.5 Circuit Response to a Nonsinusoidal Waveform 1052
25.6 Circuit Analysis Using Computers 1056
Problems 1059
APPENDIX A OrCAD-PSpice A/D 1067
APPENDIX B Solution of Simultaneous Linear Equations 1076
APPENDIX C Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 1083
APPENDIX D Answers to Selected Odd-Numbered Problems 1086
Glossary 1099
Index 1104