Chapter 1.Overview of Satellite Systems 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Frequency Allocations for Satellite Services 2
1.3 Intelsat 4
1.4 U.S.Domsats 8
1.5 Polar Orbiting Satellites 11
1.6 Problems 19
Chapter 2.Orbits and Launching Methods 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Kepler s First Law 21
2.3 Kepler s Second Law 22
2.4 Kepler s Third Law 23
2.5 Definitions of Terms for Earth-Orbiting Satellites 24
2.6 Orbital Elements 27
2.7 Apogee and Perigee Heights 29
2.8.1 Effects of a Nonspherical Earth 30
2.8 Orbital Perturbations 30
2.8.2 Atmospheric Drag 35
2.9 Inclined Orbits 36
2.9.1 Calendars 37
2.9.2 Universal Time 38
2.9.3 Julian Dates 39
2.9.4 Sidereal Time 41
2.9.5 The Orbital Plane 42
2.9.6 The Geocentric-Equatorial Coordinate System 46
2.9.7 Earth Station Referred to the IJK Frame 48
2.9.8 The Topocentric-Horizon Coordinate System 53
2.9.9 The Subsatellite Point 57
2.9.10 Predicting Satellite Position 59
2.10 Sun-Synchronous Orbit 60
2.11 Problems 62
Chapter 3.The Geostationary Orbit 67
3.1 Introduction 67
3.2 Antenna Look Angles 68
3.3 The Polar Mount Antenna 75
3.4 Limits of Visibility 77
3.5 Near Geostationary Orbits 79
3.6 Earth Eclipse of Satellite 82
3.7 Sun Transit Outage 83
3.8 Launching Orbits 83
3.9 Problems 86
Chapter 4.Radio Wave Propagation 91
4.1 Introduction 91
4.2 Atmospheric Losses 91
4.3 Ionospheric Effects 92
4.4 Rain Attenuation 96
4.5 Other Propagation Impairments 99
4.6 Problems 99
Chapter 5.Polarization 101
5.1 Introduction 101
5.2 Antenna Polarization 105
5.3 Polarization of Satellite Signals 108
5.4 Cross-Polarization Discrimination 113
5.5 Ionospheric Depolarization 115
5.6 Rain Depolarization 116
5.7 Ice Depolarization 118
5.8 Problems 118
Chapter 6.Antennas 121
6.1 Introduction 121
6.2 Reciprocity Theorem for Antennas 122
6.3 Coordinate System 123
6.4 The Radiated Fields 124
6.5 Power Flux Denslty 128
6.6 The Isotropic Radiator and Antenna Gain 128
6.7 Radiation Pattern 129
6.8 Beam Solid Angle and Directivity 131
6.9 Effective Aperture 132
6.10 The Half-Wave Dipole 133
6.11 Aperture Antennas 134
6.12 Horn Antennas 139
6.13 The Parabolic Reflector 144
6.14 The Offset Feed 149
6.15 Double-Reflector Antennas 150
6.16 Shaped Reflector Systems 154
6.17 Arrays 157
6.18 Problems 161
Chapter 7.The Space Segment 167
7.1 Introduction 167
7.2 The Power Supply 167
7.3 Attitude Control 170
7.3.1 Spinning Satellite Stabilization 172
7.3.2 Momentum Wheel Stabilization 174
7.4 Station Keeping 177
7.5 Thermal Control 179
7.6 п c Subsystem 180
7.7 Transponders 181
7.7.1 The Wideband Receiver 183
7.7.2 The Input Demultiplexer 186
7.7.3 The Power Amplifier 186
7.8 The Antenna Subsystem 193
7.9 Morelos 196
7.10 Anik-E 199
7.11 Advanced Tiros-N Spacecraft 200
7.12 Problems 207
Chapter 8.The Earth Segment 209
8.1 Introduction 209
8.2 Receive-Only Home TV Systems 209
8.2.1 The Outdoor Unit 211
8.2.2 The Indoor Unit for Analog (FM) TV 212
8.3 Master Antenna TV System 212
8.4 Community Antenna TV System 213
8.5 Transmit-Receive Earth Stations 214
8.6 Problems 220
Chapter 9.Analog Signals 221
9.1 Introduction 221
9.2 The Telephone Channel 221
9.3 Single-Sideband Telephony 222
9.4 FDM Telephony 224
9.5 Color Television 226
9.6 Frequency Modulation 233
9.6.1 Limiters 234
9.6.2 Bandwidth 234
9.6.3 FM Detector Noise and Processing Gain 237
9.6.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 239
9.6.5 Preemphasis and Deemphasis 241
9.6.6 Noise Weighting 243
9.6.7 S/N and Bandwidth for FDM/FM Telephony 243
9.6.8 Signal-to-Noise Ratio for TV/FM 246
9.7 Problems 247
Chapter 10.Digital Signals 251
10.1 Introduction 251
10.2 Digital Baseband Signals 251
10.3 Pulse-Code Modulation 256
10.4 Time-Division Multiplexing 260
10.5 Bandwidth Requirements 261
10.6 Digital Carrier Systems 264
10.6.1 Binary Phase-Shift Keying 266
10.6.2 Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying 268
10.6.3 Transmission Rate and Bandwidth for PSK Modulation 271
10.6.4 Bit Error Rate for PSK Modulation 271
10.7 Carrier Recovery Circuits 277
10.8 Bit Timing Recovery 278
10.9 Problems 279
Chapter 11.Error Control Coding 283
11.1 Introduction 283
11.2 Linear Block Codes 284
11.3 Cyclic Codes 285
11.3.1 Hamming codes 286
11.3.2 BCH codes 286
11.3.3 Reed-Solomon codes 286
11.4 Convolution Codes 289
11.5 Interleaving 292
11.6 Concatenated Codes 293
11.7 Link Parameters Affected by Coding 294
11.8 Coding Gain 296
11.9 Hard Decision and Soft Decision Decoding 297
11.10 Automatic Repeat Request(ARQ) 300
11.11 Problems 302
Chapter 12.The Space Link 305
12.1 Introduction 305
12.2 Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power 305
12.3 Transmission Losses 306
12.3.1 Free-Space Transmission 307
12.3.2 Feeder Losses 309
12.3.3 Antenna Misalignment Losses 309
12.3.4 Fixed Atmospheric and Ionospheric Losses 310
12.4 The Link Power Budget Equation 311
12.5 System Noise 311
12.5.1 Antenna Noise 313
12.5.2 Amplifier Noise Temperature 314
12.5.3 Amplifiers in Cascade 315
12.5.4 Noise Factor 317
12.5.5 Noise Temperature of Absorptive Networks 318
12.5.6 Overall System Noise Temperature 319
12.6 Carrier-to-Noise Ratio 320
12.7 The Uplink 322
12.7.1 Saturation Flux Density 322
12.7.2 Input Back Off 324
12.7.3 The Earth Station HPA 325
12.8 Downlink 326
12.8.1 Output Back Off 328
12.8.2 Satellite TWTA Output 329
12.9 Effects of Rain 330
12.9.1 Uplink rain-fade margin 331
12.9.2 Downlink rain-fade margin 332
12.10 Combined Uplink and Downlink C/N Ratio 335
12.11 Intermodulation Noise 338
12.12 Problems 340
Chapter 13.Interference 345
13.1 Introduction 345
13.2 Interference between Satellite Circuits (B1 and B2 Modes) 347
13.2.1 Downlink 349
13.2.2 Uplink 350
13.2.3 Combined [C/I] due to interference on both uplink and downlink 351
13.2.4 Antenna gain function 351
13.2.5 Passband interference 353
13.2.6 Receiver transfer characteristic 354
13.2.7 Specified interference objectives 355
13.2.8 Protection ratio 356
13.3 Energy Dispersal 357
13.4 Coordination 359
13.4.1 Interference levels 360
13.4.2 Transmission gain 361
13.4.3 Resulting noise-temperature rise 362
13.4.5 Noise power spectral density 364
13.4.4 Coordination criterion 364
13.5 Problems 365
Chapter 14.Satellite Access 369
14.1 Introduction 369
14.2 Single Access 370
14.3 Preassigned FDMA 370
14.4 Demand-Assigned FDMA 375
14.5 Spade System 376
14.6.1 FDMA Downlink Analysis 379
14.6 Bandwidth-Limited and Power-Limited TWT Amplifier Operation 379
14.7 TDMA 383
14.7.1 Reference Burst 387
14.7.2 Preamble and Postamble 389
14.7.3 Carrier Recovery 390
14.7.4 Network Synchronization 390
14.7.5 Unique Word Detection 395
14.7.6 Traffic Data 398
14.7.7 Frame Efficiency and Channel Capacity 398
14.7.8 Preassigned TDMA 400
14.7.9 Demand-Assigned TDMA 402
14.7.10 Speech Interpolation and Prediction 403
14.7.11 Downlink Analysis for Digital Transmission 407
14.7.12 Comparison of Uplink Power Requirements for FDMA and TDMA 408
14.8 On-Board Signal Processing for FDMA/TDM Operation 411
14.9 Satellite-Switched TDMA 414
14.10 Code-Division Multiple Access 417
14.10.1 Direct-sequence spread spectrum 420
14.10.2 The code signal c(t) 421
14.10.3 The autocorrelation function for c(t) 424
14.10.4 Acquisition and tracking 425
14.10.5 Spectrum spreading and despreading 427
14.10.6 COMA throughput 428
14.11 Problems 431
Chapter 15.Satellite Services and the Internet 437
15.1 Introduction 437
15.2 Network Layers 438
15.3 The TCP Link 442
15.4 Satellite Links and TCP 443
15.5 Enhancing TCP Over Satellite Channels Using Standard Mechanisms(RFC-2488) 445
15.6 Requests for Comments 447
15.7 Split TCP Connections 449
15.8 Asymmetric Channels 451
15.9 Proposed Systems 454
15.10 Problems 458
Chapter 16.Direct Broadcast Satellite Services 461
16.1 Introduction 461
16.2 Orbital Spacings 461
16.3 Power Rating and Number of Transponders 463
16.4 Frequencies and Polarization 463
16.5 Transponder Capacity 464
16.6 Bit Rates for Digital Television 465
16.7 MPEG Compression Standards 466
16.8 Forward Error Correction 470
16.9 The Home Receiver Outdoor Unit (ODU) 471
16.10 The Home Reciever Indoor Unit (IDU) 474
16.11 Downlink Analysis 474
16.12 Uplink 482
16.13 Problems 483
17.1 Introduction 487
Chapter 17.Satellite Services 487
17.2 Satellite Mobile Services 488
17.3 VSATs 490
17.4 Radarsat 492
17.5 Global Positioning Satellite System 495
17.6 Orbcomm 498
17.7 Problems 505
Appendix A.Answers to Selected Problems 509
Appendix B.Conic Sections 515
Appendix C.NASA Two-Line Orbital Elements 533
Appendix D.Listings of Artificial Satellites 537
Appendix E.lllustrating Third-Order Intermodulation Products 541
Appendix F.Acronyms 543
Appendix G.Logarithmic Units 549
Appendix H.Mathcad Notation 553
References 557
Index 565