Chapter One The Writing Process 1
1.1 Introduction and Focus 1
1.2 A Brief Account about the Writing Process 1
1.2.1 Prewriting 2
1.2.2 Drafting 3
1.2.3 Revising 5
1.2.4 Editing 6
1.2.5 Publishing 6
1.3 Invention Techniques 7
1.3.1 Brainstorming 7
1.3.2 Freewriting 8
1.3.3 Mapping 9
1.3.4 Journalist's Questions 9
1.3.5 Aristotle's"Common Topics" 10
1.3.6 Cubing 11
1.3.7 Outlining 11
1.4 The Topic of Writing 14
1.4.1 When the Topic is Provided 14
1.4.2 When the Topic is Not Provided 14
1.4.3 When the Topic is a Question 15
1.5 Summary 16
Chapter Two Sentence Writing 18
2.1 Introduction and Focus 18
2.2 Sentence Types 18
2.2.1．Sentence Classification According to Function 18
2.2.2．Sentence Classification According to Grammar 18
2.2.3．Sentence Classification According to Style 19
2.3 Effective Sentences 20
2.3.1 Unity 20
2.3.2 Coherence 20
2.3.3 Conciseness 21
2.3.4 Variety 23
2.4 Error Analysis 26
2.5 Summary 30
Chapter Three Paragraph Writing 35
3.1 Introduction and Focus 35
3.2 Paragraph Features 35
3.2.1 Unity 35
3.2.2 Coherence 36
3.2.3 Completeness 37
3.3 Paragraph Structure 37
3.3.1 Topic Sentence 37
3.3.2 Supporting Sentence 38
3.3.3 Paragraph Development 38
3.4 Summary 43
Chapter Four Essay Writing 51
4.1 Introduction and Focus 51
4.2 Coherent Devices 51
4.2.1 Reference 52
4.2.2 Substitution 52
4.2.3 Ellipsis 52
4.2.4 Conjunction 53
4.2.5 Lexical Cohesion 53
4.3 Types of Essay Writing 54
4.3.1 Narration 54
4.3.2 Description 56
4.3.3 Exposition 57
4.3.4 Argumentation 58
4.4 A Writing Model of 3+6+3 60
4.4.1 Narrative Pattern 60
4.4.2 Problem-Solution Pattern 61
4.4.3 Claim-Counterclaim Pattern 62
4.4.4 General-Specific Pattern 63
4.5 Summary 64
Chapter Five Summary and Review Writing 66
5.1 Introduction and Focus 66
5.2 Summary Writing 66
5.2.1 What is a Summary? 66
5.2.2 How to Write a Summary? 66
5.2.3 Summary of Different Types of Writing 67
5.3 Abstract Writing 68
5.3.1 Purpose and Limitations of Abstract 68
5.3.2 Structure of Abstract 69
5.4 Abridgement Writing 69
5.4.1 Abridgement for Audio 69
5.4.2 Abridgement for Print 70
5.4.3 Abridgement for TV Program 70
5.5 Book and Article Review Writing 71
5.6 Film Review Writing 73
5.7 Summary 75
Chapter Six Practical Writing 77
6.1 Introduction and Focus 77
6.2 Note Writing 77
6.2.1 The Components of Note 77
6.2.2 Notes for Different Purposes 78
6.3 Notice Writing 79
6.4 E-mail Writing 81
6.4.1 Salutation 81
6.4.2 Message 81
6.4.3 Signature 81
6.4.4 Tips for Writing E-Mail Messages 81
6.5 Report Writing 83
6.5.1 What is a Report? 83
6.5.2 Report Structure 83
6.5.3 Report Writing Process 83
6.6 Resume Writing 85
6.6.1 Resume Format 86
6.6.2 Basic Types of Resume 87
6.7 Letter Writing 89
6.7.1 Letter Styles 90
6.7.2 Envelope Writing 90
6.7.3 Business Letters 91
6.7.4 Personal Letters 95
6.8 Summary 96
Chapter Seven Essay Writing on Tests 98
7.1 Introduction and Focus 98
7.2 CET-4 and CET-6 Writing 98
7.2.1 Curriculum Requirement about CET-4 and CET-6 Writing 98
7.2.2 Scoring Criteria 98
7.2.3 A Breif Introduction of CET-4 and CET-6 Writing 99
7.2.4 How to Get a High Grade? 100
7.2.5 Writing Models for CET-4 and CET-6 Writing 100
7.3 Postgraduate Writing on Entrance Test 103
7.3.1 Curriculum Requirement about Postgraduate Writing 103
7.3.2 A Comprehensive Survey of the Topics in the Last 15 Years 104
7.3.3 Picture Writing 104
7.3.4 Model Writing 106
7.4 Essay Writing on Overseas Tests 109
7.4.1 TOEFL Essay Writing 109
7.4.2 GRE Essay Writing 112
7.4.3 IELTS Essay Writing 116
7.5 Summary 119
Chapter Eight Manuscript Form and Punctuation 120
8.1 Introduction and Focus 120
8.2 Manuscript Form 120
8.2.1 Arrangement 120
8.2.2 Word Division 121
8.2.3 Capitalization 121
8.2.4 Italics and Underlining 122
8.2.5 Handwriting 123
8.3 Punctuation 123
8.3.1 Comma(,) 123
8.3.2 Period(.) 124
8.3.3 Semicolon(;) 125
8.3.4 Colon(:) 126
8.3.5 Question Mark(?) 126
8.3.6 Exclamation Mark(!) 127
8.3.7 Quotation Mark(" ") 127
8.3.8 Parentheses(()) 128
8.3.9 Dash(—) 128
8.4 Summary 128
Keys for Reference 130
Appendix Ⅰ—Effective Sentences for Writing 140
Appendix Ⅱ—Typical Sentence Patterns on Tests 148
Appendix Ⅲ—Phrases and Collocations 151
Bibliography 160