1 Earthquakes:Their Importance to the Engineer 1
The Origin of an Earthquake 1
Types of Earthquake Faults 2
Forces Exerted by an Earthquake 2
Lengths of Faults and Extent of Earth M ovement 4
Activity of Faults 5
ContentsPreface to First Edition 5
Tectonics 6
Preface to Second Edition 6
The Richter Magnitude 7
Modified Mercalli Intensity 8
Earthquake Accelerations and Strong Motion Accelerographs 9
Liquefaction 11
Other Earthquake Effects 13
Tsunami 15
Earthquake Prediction 16
Geologic and Seismic Evaluation of a Site 19
2 History and Development of Seismic Building Codes 21
Early Developments 22
The First Los Angeles City Seismic Code Early Japanese Requirements 23
The Effects of Building Deflection 24
Influence of Building Height on Seismic Forces The 1943 Los Angeles City Code 25
Base Shear 25
Revision of the Los Angeles City Building Code for Buildings Over 13 Stories 26
The SEAOC Seismic Code 27
Ad Hoc Committee 35
Revision of the SEAOC Code 37
Comprehensive Seismic Design Provisions of the Applied Technology Council 42
ATC-3-06 Tentative Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for Buildings 44
An Appraisal of the Concept of Equivalent Static Forces 54
3 Bracing Systems and Load Distribution 57
General Requirements 57
Distribution of Earthquake Forces Without Torsion 58
Distribution of Forces with Torsion 74
Diaphragms 83
Design by Response Spectra 94
4 Dynamic Analysis 94
Analysis by Mathematical Model 99
The Uncertainties of Dynamic Analysis 99
5 Observation and Analysis of Earthquake Damage to Buildings 103
Concerning Ductility 105
Shear Walls 110
Column Failures Due to Overturning 119
The Effect of Infilled Masonry Walls 123
Tilt-Up Construction 124
Torsion 127
Wood Frame Construction 130
A Very Hazardous Type of Building 134
6 Earthquake Strengthening of Buildings 136
Legal Requirements for Strengthening the Buildings Within A City 140
Gunite 142
Strengthening of Masonry Walls 144
Correction of Diaphragm Deficiencies 149
Use of Plywood for Shear Walls 159
Example of Plywood Shear Wall 161
Description of a Strengthening Project 166
High Rise Concrete 167
Multistory Steel Frame 171
Administration and Coordination of Strengthening Projects 172
Prevention of Nonstructural Damage 174
7 Repair of Earthquake Damage 178
Use of Epoxy 179
Cyclic Loading Tests of Epoxy Repaired Concrete Beams 181
Bond Tests 182
Spalled Concrete 184
Buckled Reinforcing 185
Structural Steel Frame 185
References 187
Appendix 189
Earthquake Intensity Scales 189
Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale,1956 Version 191
Bending Deflection of a Frame 193
Index 195