1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview 1
1.1.1 Cooperation and Convergence 1
1.1.2 International Competition Enforcement Law and Global Administrative Law 3
1.2 The Term “International Competition Enforcement Law” 4
1.2.1 General Remarks on the Term “Enforcement” 4
1.2.2 International Competition Enforcement Law： A Definition 5
2 “Cooperation” as Guiding Principle of International Competition Enforcement Law 9
2.1 Fundamentals of Cooperation 10
2.1.1 Globalization of Competition Restraints 11
2.1.2 Globalization of Competition Policy？ 13
2.2 Forms of Cooperation 14
2.2.1 Networks 14
2.2.2 “Classical” Administrative Cooperation 17
2.2.3 Cooperation Beyond the Limits of Authority 17
2.2.4 Cooperation with Private Entities 18
2.3 The Limits of Cooperation 18
2.3.1 Differences in Procedures 19
2.3.2 Fundamental and Human Rights 19
2.3.3 Transparency Requirements 20
2.3.4 Legal Protection 21
2.3.5 Lack of Binding Nature 21
3 Convergence of International Competition Enforcement Law 23
3.1 Convergence of Substantive Standards 23
3.2 Convergence on the Level of Enforcement？ 23
3.2.1 Criminal Enforcement 24
3.2.2 Effective Enforcement by Use of Leniency Programmes 24
3.2.3 Private Enforcement 25
3.2.4 Expansion of Governmental Cooperation 26
3.2.5 Convergence and Divergence of Norms Securing Fundamental Rights 26
3.2.6 The Effects Doctrine as a Global Criterion for Jurisdiction 26
3.2.7 Reduction of Areas of Exception 27
3.2.8 The Role of State-Owned Companies 27
3.2.9 International Free Trade Agreements and Regional Economic Integration 27
3.3 Sources of Law of Converging Procedural Law 30
3.3.1 The Level of Public International Law 30
3.3.2 The Level of Regional Economic Integration Treaties 32
3.3.3 The Level of European Law 32
3.3.4 The Role of the ECHR 35
3.3.5 The Level of National Law 35
3.4 Scope of Application of National Rules 39
3.4.1 Possible Links for the Scope of Application 40
3.4.2 Current Dominance of the Effects Doctrine 42
3.4.3 Personal Scope of the Application of National Laws 43
3.4.4 Exemptions 44
3.5 Actors 47
3.5.1 Variety of Authorities as Initial Perspective 48
3.5.2 Differences Between Authorities 50
3.5.3 A World Antitrust Authority as Platform of Coordination？ 57
3.5.4 Role of the Courts 58
3.5.5 Privates 58
3.6 Variety and Uniformity of Proceedings 59
3.6.1 Administrative Proceeding 59
3.6.2 Court Proceedings 63
4 Procedural Convergence Through Cooperation？ 67
4.1 Contents of Cooperation 67
4.2 Emerging Global Enforcement Standards？ 68
4.2.1 Role of the International Competition Network 69
4.2.2 Role of the OECD 69
4.2.3 Role of UNCTAD 69
4.2.4 Claim to Self-Determination by National Law as an Obstacle 70
4.3 World Competition Enforcement Law in the Making？ 70
4.3.1 DIAC as a Paragon？ 70
4.3.2 The Role of Politics 72
5 Summary 75
References 79