INTRODUCTION 3
1. THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF VOLUMES ONE AND TWO 3
2. THE INDUCTIVE APPROACH TO INTERNATIONAL LAW 4
3. STANDARDS OF CRITICISM 9
PART ONE THE FOUNDATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 15
1. INTERNATIONAL LAw AND SOCIETY 15
1. The Principles of International Law 15
2. International Law and Society 16
3. The Public Character of International Law 17
4. The Functions of International Law 17
5. The Structure of International Law 18
6. Universal and Regional International Law 20
7. The Development of International Law and Society Inter-Temporal Law 21
2. LAW-CREATING PROCESSES AND LAW-DETERMINING AGENCIES 25
1. The Distinction between Law-Creating Processes and Law-Determining Agencies 25
2. The Composition and Hierarchy of the Law-Determining Agencies 27
3. The Hierarchy of the Elements of Law-Determining Agencies 28
4. The World Court and the Law-Creating Processes 37
5. The World Court and the Law-Determining Agencies 58
6. International Courts and the Development of International Law 62
3. INTERNATIONAL AND MUNICIPAL LAW 67
1. Conflict between International and Municipal Law 68
2. Borderline Spheres between International and Municipal Law 70
3.INTERNATIONAL AND MUNICIPAL LAw—ontinued 72
3. The Competence of the World Court in Disputes regarding the Application of Municipal Law 72
4. The Application of Municipal Law by the World Court 72
5. The Conflict of Municipal Laws 74
4.THE DOMAIN OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 79
1. The Status of Colonial Companies 80
2. The Legal Significance of Treaties concluded by Colonial Companies with Native Communities 81
3. The De Facto Character of Native Communities 82
4. The Object Character of Native Communities 82
5. Extraterritorial Jurisdiction 83
6. Interpretation of Capitulation Treaties 85
PART TWO INTERNATIONAL PERSONALITY 89
5.TYPICAL SUBJECTS OF INTERNATIONAL LAw 89
1. Composite States 89
2. Dependent States 91
3. International Protectorates 92
4. League Mandates and Trust Territories 95
5. The Free City of Danzig 109
6. The Memel Territory 112
6. THE SOVEREIGNTY AND EQUALITY OF STATES 114
1. The Meaning of Sovereignty in International Law 115
2. Domestic Jurisdiction 116
3. Presin Favour of the Independence of States 119
4. The Relativity of Sovereignty 121
5. Restrictive Interpretation of Limitations of Sovereignty 123
6. Independence and Equality of States 125
7. RECOGNITION 127
1. The Principle of Recognition 127
2. Facets of Recognition 130
8. NON-TYPICAL SUBJECTS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 137
1. The International Personality of International Institutions 137
2. The Place of the Individual in International Law 139
3. Non-Identity of State Claims and Claims of Individuals 140
4. Individuals as Beneficiaries of International Treaties 142
5. Public Contracts 146
6. War Criminals 153
9. INTERNATIONAL REPRESENTATION 156
1. Necessary Representation 157
2. Legal Significance of Representation 157
3. The Position of Members of the League Council 160
4. International Agency 160
10. CONTINUITY AND DISCONTINUITY OF INTERNATIONAL PERSONALITY 163
1. The Relativity of the Continuity and Discontinuity of International Personality 164
10. CONTINUITY AND DISCONTINUITY OF INTERNATIONAL PERSONALITY—continued 166
2 Territorial Changes and International Judicial Practice 166
3. Cession of Territoty and State Property 167
4. Cession of Territory and the Continuation of the Former Civil Law 170
5. Cession of Territory and Respect for Private Rights 171
6. Cession of Territory and State Debts 175
7. The Absorption of States and Tortious Liability 175
8. Subrogation and Treaties 176
9. International Judicial Institutions and the “Principle" of State Succession 179
PART THREE STATE JURISDICTION 183
11. FORMS OF STATE JURISDICTION 183
1. State Sovereignty and Territorial Jurisdiction 184
2. The Exercise of Territorial Jurisdiction 186
3. Personal Jurisdiction 188
4. Extraordinaty Jurisdiction 190
12 TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION IMMUNITIES AND LIMITATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL CUSTOMARY LAw 192
1. Diplomatic and Consular Immunities and Privileges 192
2 Limitations of Territorial Jurisdiction Over the Territorial Sea and National Waters 194
3. Limitations in Favour of Foreigners: The Minimum Standard of International Law 200
13. TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION LIMITATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONAL LAW:Ⅰ—The Freedoms of Fisheries and Navigation 208
1. General Problems 208
2. Freedom of Fisheries in National Waters and the Terri-torial Sea 214
3. Freedom of Inland Navigation 216
4. Freedom of Navigation on Inter-Oceanic Canals 223
5. Freedom of the Air 226
14. TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION LIMITATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONAL LAwⅡ—International Economic Law and International Labour Law 229
1. International Economic Law 231
2. International Labour Law 252
15. TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION LIMITATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONAL LAW:Ⅲ—International Criminal Law 254
1. State Sovereignty and Criminal Jurisdiction 254
2 The Meanings of International Criminal Law 255
15. TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION—COntinued LIMITATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONAL LAw continued 256
3. Extradition 256
4. Diplomatic Asylum 260
5. Genocide 271
16. TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION LIMITATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONAL LAWⅣ—Limitations in Favour of Minorities 273
1. The Functions of Minority Treaties 274
2. Governing Principles 275
3. Interpretation of Minorities Treaties 275
4. Nationality and Minority Status 276
5. The Test of Minority Status 277
6. The Substance of Minority Rights 278
7. The Protection of Minority Rights 281
8. The Transfer of Minorities 283
PART FOUR OBJECTS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 289
17. TERRITORY 289
1. In Quest of the Rules on Title to Territory 289
2. The Problem in Historical Perspective 291
3. The Rules Governing Title to Territoty 294
18. LAND FRONTIERS 310
1. The Legal Function of Frontiers 310
2. International Delimitation of Frontiers 311
3. Considerations Governing the Delimitation of Frontiers 313
19. MARITIME FRONTIERS 317
1. The Maritime Frontier between Contiguous States 317
2. National Waters and the Territorial Sea 318
3. Bays 327
4. Islands 335
20. THE HIGH SEAS 338
1. Exclusive Jurisdiction of the Flag State 338
2. Exceptions to the Exclusive, Jurisdiction of the Flag State 341
3. The Impact of Status Mixtus and War on the Freedom of the Seas 347
4. The Rights of User of the High Seas 348
5. The Prohibition of Exclusive Jurisdiction over the High Seas and the Problem of the Continental Shelf 349
6. The Character of the Rules Governing the Principle of the Freedom of the Seas 352
21. INDIVIDUALS 354
1. Significance of Nationality 354
2. The Rules Governing Nationality 357
3. Dual Nationality 362
4. Naturalisation 367
21. INDIVInuALs—continued 372
5. Collective Naturalisation and the Right of Option 372
6. Loss of Nationality 375
7. The Meaning of Ressortissant 377
8. Nationality of the Inhabitants of Dependent States and Territories under International Regimes 378
9. Proof of Nationality 381
10. Tests Other than Nationality 385
22. CORPORATIONS AND SHIPS 387
1. The Rules Governing the Allocation of Corporations 388
2. The Tests for the Allocation of Corporations as Applied in International Judicial Practice 391
3. The Allocation of Ships to Sovereign States 412
4. The Nationality of Corporations and Ships in International Law 418
PART FIVE INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS 421
23. INTERNATIONAL TREATIES:Ⅰ—The Meaning and Functions of Treaties 421
1. The Meaning of Treaties 421
2 The Functions of Treaties 422
3. Treaties and the Problem of an International Public Order 425
24. INTERNATIONAL TREATIES:Ⅱ—The Conclusion of Treaties 428
1. The Scope of the Treaty-Making Power 428
2 Optional Character of Formal Requirements 430
3. The Formal Requirements of Written Treaties 431
4. The Border Line between Incomplete International Engage-ments and Treaties 439
25. INTERNATIONAL TREATIESⅢ—Legal Effects of Treaties 446
1. Legal Effects Inter Partes 446
2 Legal Effects on Non-Parties 458
26. INTERNATIONAL TREATIESⅣ—The Conflict of Treaties 472
1. Maxims and the Conflict of Treaties 472
2. The Governing Rules 474
3. The Conflict of Treaties and International Judicial Institu-tions 477
27. INTERNATIONAL TREATIESV—Interpretation : General Problems 488
1. The Scope and Effects of Treaty Interpretation 488
2. The Rules Governing Treaty Interpretation 491
3. The Function of the Techniques of Treaty Interpretation 494
28. INTERNATIONAL TREATIES:Ⅵ—Techniques of Interpretation 498
1. Summary Interpretation 498
2. Literal Interpretation 501
3. Systematic Interpretation 505
4. Logical Interpretation 508
5. Historical Interpretation 514
6. Functional Interpretation 517
7. Authoritative Interpretation 531
29. INTERNATIONAL TREATIES:Ⅶ—Revision and Termination of Treaties 533
1. The Revision of Treaties 533
2. The Suspension and Termination of Treaties 534
30. UNILATERAL ACTS 548
1. Types of Unilateral Acts 548
2. The Legal Characteristics of Unilateral Acts 550
3. The Interpretation of Unilateral Acts 554
4. Parallel and Collective Acts 559
31. INTERNATIONAL TORTS:Ⅰ—International Responsibility 562
1. The Basic Rules 562
2. The Legal Foundation 564
3. Forfeiture of Claims by Acquiescence （Extinctive Prescrip-tion） 565
32. INTERNATIONAL TORTS:Ⅱ—The Breach of International Obligations 571
1. The Meaning of Breachof International Obligations 572
2. The Breach of Other than International Obligations 576
3. The Meaning of International Tort 581
4. Types of International Torts 582
33. INTERNATIONAL TORTSⅢ—The Legal Interest of the Claimant 584
1. Legal Interest in Municipal and International Law 584
2. Legal Interest in Tortiously Relevant Acts Against Subjectsof International Law 585
3. Legal Interest in Tortiously Relevant Acts Against Objects of International Law 589
4. The Nationality of Claims 590
5. The Exhaustion of Local Remedies 602
34. INTERNATIONAL TORTS:Ⅳ—Identity of the Tortfeasor 613
1. The Legislature 614
2. The Executive 615
3. The Judiciaty 619
4. Dependent States 624
5. Provinces and Municipalities 625
34. INTERNATIONAL ToRTs—continued 627
6. Revolutionaries 627
7. Individuals 630
35. INTERNATIONAL TORTS:Ⅴ—The Requirement of Fault 632
1. The Practice of the World Court 632
2. The Practice of Arbitral Tribunals 634
3. The Limits of Tortious Liability 641
4. The Subjective Element of International Responsibility and the Fundamental Principles of International Law 646
36. INTERNATIONAL TORTS:Ⅵ—Reparation 653
1. Meaning and Object of Reparation 654
2. The Forms of Reparation 656
Selected Bibliography 683
Index 777