1 EXTERNAL HISTORY&John Algeo 1
1.1 History,external and internal 1
1.2 Periods in the history of American English 4
1.3 The Colonial period 6
1.4 The National period 20
1.5 The International period 37
2 BRITISH AND AMERICAN.CONTINUITY AND DIVERGENCE&John Hurt Fisher 59
2.1 The continuity of English 59
2.2 Settlement history 59
2.3 Nationalism,American English,and Noah Webster 61
2.4 Education and culture norms 63
2.5 Literature,writing,and the standard 66
2.6 Vocabulary 67
2.7 Style 70
2.8 Pronunciation and class accent 71
2.9 Diversity and uniformity 78
2.10 British and American interrelations 84
3 BRITISH AND IRISH ANTECEDENTS&Michael Montgomery 86
3.1 Introduction 86
3.2 Background 89
3.3 Research questions and considerations 94
3.4 Sources of Colonial American English 96
3.5 Historical development of the field：paradigms of comparison and reconstruction 104
3.6 Drawing regional and social connections 120
3.7 Linguistic features 136
3.8 Research needs and conclusions 151
4 CONTACT WITH OTHER LANGUAGES&Suzanne Romaine 154
4.1 Pre-contact：languages before English in North America 154
4.2 Language in post-contact North America 157
4.3 Majorlanguages of immigration 177
4.4 Conclusion 181
5 AMERICANISMS&Frederic G.Cassidy and Joan Houston Hall 184
5.1 Introduction 184
5.2 Definitions 185
5.3 First additions 188
5.4 First colonization 189
5.5 English redistributed 191
5.6 Regional differences 193
5.7 The westward movement 195
5.8 The Webster impact 199
5.9 The Civil War 201
5.10 Settling the West 205
5.11 Urbanization 208
5.12 World WarⅡ 210
5.13 Black contributions 213
5.14 Some subject categories 215
5.15 Conclusion 216
6 SLANG&Jonathan E.Lighter 219
6.1 Adefinition of slang 220
6.2 Slang and poetry 224
6.3 Radiations of the meanings of the term slang and of attitudes toward slang 226
6.4 Twentieth-century scholarship on slang 237
6.5 The historical development of American slang 240
6.6 The roleof slang in American life 249
7 DIALECTS&Lee Pederson 253
7.1 Introduction 253
7.2 History and geography 254
7.3 American dialectology 257
7.4 Historical background 259
7.5 Four major American dialects 264
7.6 Northern dialects 266
7.7 Midland dialects 270
7.8 Southern dialects 274
7.9 Western dialects 280
7.10 Summary：major American dialects 289
8 AFRICAN-AMERICAN ENGLISH&Salikoko S.Mufwene 291
8.1 What is African-American English? 291
8.2 Features of AAE 294
8.3 The development of AAE 311
8.4 Benefits of studying AAE 321
8.5 Future studies of AAE 322
9 GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE&Ronald R.Butters 325
9.1 Grammatical categories 325
9.2 American-British grammatical differences 326
9.3 American nonstandard grammatical features 328
9.4 American standard grammatical features 333
9.5 Independent changes in standard American English grammar 335
10 SPELLING&Richard L.Venezky 340
10.1 From settlement to Revolution 341
10.2 Orthographic authority 344
10.3 Spelling reform 350
10.4 Present-day American spelling 352
10.5 Conclusion 356
11 USAGE&Edward Finegan 358
11.1 Introduction 358
11.2 Theorigins of the study of grammar in America 365
11.3 Closing the gap：scholars face the facts of usage 388
11.4 Conclusion 418
12 CANADIAN ENGLISH&Laurel J.Brinton and Margery Fee 422
12.1 Introduction 422
12.2 Speakers of Canadian English 423
12.3 The study of Canadian English 424
12.4 Settlement history 424
12.5 Linguistic features of Canadian English 426
12.6 Conclusion 439
13 NEWFOUNDLAND ENGLISH&William J.Kirwin 441
13.1 Early Newfoundland 441
13.2 Settlement 443
13.3 West Country Newfoundland English 445
13.4 Anglo-Irish influence 449
13.5 Vocabulary 450
13.6 Conclusion 454
14 AMERICAN ENGLISH ABROAD&Richard W.Bailey 456
14.1 Introduction 456
14.2 Americanism 458
14.3 Early American impact abroad 460
14.4 Lexical expansion by curiosity and cupidity 465
14.5 Emerging awareness of American Englishas adistinct variety 471
14.6 Cultural coherence between the colonies and Britain 476
14.7 Rising British anxiety and antagonism 482
14.8 American reaction and British counter reaction 486
14.9 The triumph of American English 493
Glossary of linguistic terms 497
Bibliography 516
Index 568
影印版后记 627