Chapter 1 Vibration and Human Responses 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Categorization of Vibration 3
1.3 Effects of Vibration 15
1.4 Methods of Human Vibration Research 17
1.5 Summary 25
Chapter 2 An Introduction to Whole-body Vibration 27
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Some General Observations 29
2.3 Effects of Whole-body Vibration 32
2.4 Vibration Axes 33
2.5 Frequencies of Whole-body Vibration 36
2.6 Magnitudes of Whole-body Vibration 38
2.7 Durations of Whole-body Vibration Exposures 39
2.8 Confounding Factors 40
2.9 Summary 42
Chapter 3 Vibration Discomfort 43
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Effect of Vibration Magnitude 48
3.3 Effects of Vibration Frequency 53
3.4 Vibration Duration 71
3.5 Complex Vibration 78
3.6 Other Factors Affecting Vibration Discomfort 88
3.7 Models，Standards and Limits for the Vibration Discomfort of Passengers and Drivers 99
3.8 Economics of Reducing Vibration Discomfort 121
3.9 Summary 122
Chapter 4 Activity Interference Caused by Vibration 125
4.1 Introduction 125
4.2 Vision 127
4.3 Control Activities 144
4.4 Central Effects 162
4.5 Combined Stress 164
4.6 Duration Effects 165
4.7 Vibration Assessment Methods 166
4.8 Summary 168
Chapter 5 Whole-body Vibration and Health 171
5.1 Introduction 171
5.2 Physiological Responses to Whole-body Vibration 173
5.3 Pathological Responses to Whole-body Vibration 187
5.4 The Nature of Occupational Health Problems 190
5.5 Environments Associated with Injury 195
5.6 Prevention of Injury from Whole-body Vibration and Shock 196
5.7 Dose-Effect Relationships 200
5.8 Vibration Evaluation Methods 204
5.9 Response to Mechanical Shocks 211
5.10 Summary 219
Chapter 6 Perception of Whole-body Vibration and the Assessment of Vibration in Buildings 221
6.1 Introduction 221
6.2 Effect of Frequency and Axis on the Perception of Whole-body Vibration 231
6.3 Perception Thresholds for Complex Whole-body Vibration 239
6.4 Models，Standards and Limits for the Assessment of Building Vibration 244
6.5 Other Problems 265
6.6 Control of Building Vibration 268
6.7 Summary 269
Chapter 7 Motion Sickness 271
7.1 Introduction 271
7.2 The Causes of Motion Sickness 274
7.3 Effects of Low-frequency Translational Oscillation 297
7.4 Effects of Rotational Motion 310
7.5 Motion Sickness in Ships，Aircraft，Spacecraft，Ground Vehicles and Simulators 311
7.6 Preventative Measures 322
7.7 Summary 330
Chapter 8 Whole-body Biodynamics 333
8.1 Introduction 333
8.2 Measures of Dynamic Response 335
8.3 Transmissibility of the Whole Body 339
8.4 Whole-body Mechanical Impedance 359
8.5 Biodynamic Modelling 375
8.6 Summary 384
Chapter 9 Seating Dynamics 387
9.1 Introduction 387
9.2 Measurement of Seat Transmissibility 391
9.3 Seat Evaluation Methods 404
9.4 Summary 413
Chapter 10 Whole-body Vibration Standards 415
10.1 Introduction 415
10.2 International Standard 2631：Guide for the Evaluation of Human Exposure to Whole-body Vibration 417
10.3 Standardization of the Definition of Terms 430
10.4 International Standards Concerned with Agricultural Tractors and Earth-moving Machinery 431
10.5 International Standards Concerned with Vibration in Ships 434
10.6 International Standards Concerned with Vibration in Buildings 437
10.7 International Standards Concerned with Biodynamic Response 439
10.8 Other International Standards 439
10.9 British Standards 441
10.10 United States Standards 449
10.11 Other Standards 450
10.12 Summary 450
Chapter 11 Methods for Measuring and Evaluating Whole-body Vibration Exposures 453
11.1 Introduction 453
11.2 The Position of Vibration Transducers 455
11.3 Instrumentation for Vibration Measurement and Analysis 461
11.4 Vibration Analysis with Respect to International Standard 2631 Part 1 （1985） 476
11.5 Vibration Analysis According to British Standard 6841（1987） 478
11.6 Summary 481
Chapter 12 Examples of Whole-body Vibration Exposures 485
12.1 Introduction 485
12.2 Road Vehicles 488
12.3 Rail Vehicles 498
12.4 Off-road Vehicles 498
12.5 Aircraft 506
12.6 Sea Vessels 515
12.7 Buildings 519
12.8 Other Environments 523
12.9 Comparison of Methods 525
12.10 Summary 529
Chapter 13 An Introduction to Hand-transmitted Vibration 531
13.1 Introduction 531
13.2 Quantifying Effects of Hand-transmitted Vibration 532
13.3 Quantifying Exposure to Hand-transmitted Vibration 535
13.4 The Dynamic Response of the Finger-Hand-Arm System 542
13.5 Subjective Assessment of Vibration of the Hand 548
13.6 Summary 550
Chapter 14 Vascular Disorders Associated with Hand-transmitted Vibration 553
14.1 Introduction 553
14.2 Symptoms of Vibration-induced White Finger 556
14.3 Signs of Vibration-induced White Finger 561
14.4 Methods of Categorizing the Signs and Symptoms 566
14.5 Hypothetical Model of Vibration-induced White Finger 578
14.6 Processes Associated with Vibration-induced White Finger 585
14.7 Summary 592
Chapter 15 Non-vascular Disorders Associated with Hand-transmitted Vibration 595
15.1 Introduction 595
15.2 Bone and Joint Disorders 596
15.3 Neurological and Muscular Disorders 599
15.4 Other Signs and Symptoms 607
15.5 Summary 608
Chapter 16 Dose-Effect Relationships for Hand-transmitted Vibration 609
16.1 Introduction 609
16.2 The Effects of Vibration Frequency and Magnitude 610
16.3 Prevalence 615
16.4 Exposure Duration and Latency 619
16.5 Other Variables 628
16.6 Summary 630
Chapter 17 Hand-transmitted Vibration Standards，Limits and Compensation 633
17.1 Introduction 633
17.2 Early U.S.S.R.Standards 636
17.3 Early Czechoslovakian Standards 638
17.4 Early Japanese Standards 638
17.5 Swedish Standards 640
17.6 British Standards 641
17.7 French Standards 645
17.8 International Standards 646
17.9 Other Standards 658
17.10 An Action Level for Hand-transmitted Vibration 660
17.11 Threshold Limit Values 663
17.12 The Law，Compensation and Government Legislation 664
17.13 Summary 670
Chapter 18 Measurement and Evaluation of Hand-transmitted Vibration Exposures 673
18.1 Introduction 673
18.2 The Positioning of Vibration Transducers 674
18.3 Instrumentation for Vibration Measurement and Analysis 677
18.4 Vibration Evaluation According to Current Standards 685
18.5 Percussive Metal-working Tools 687
18.6 Grinders and Other Rotary Tools 691
18.7 Percussive Hammers and Drills used in Mining，Quarrying and Road Maintenance 694
18.8 Chain Saws 695
18.9 Other Vibrating Tools and Processes 697
18.10 Summary 699
Chapter 19 Preventative Actions for Hand-transmitted Vibration 701
19.1 Introduction 701
19.2 Principles of Prevention 701
19.3 Managerial Preventative Measures 702
19.4 Technical Preventative Measures 705
19.5 Medical Preventative Measures 708
19.6 Individual Preventative Measures 709
19.7 Treatments for Injury and Disease 715
19.8 Summary 717
Appendix 1 Units，Multipliers，Symbols and Abbreviations 719
Appendix 2 Frequencies and Spectra 727
Appendix 3 Vibration Levels：the Use of Decibels 733
Appendix 4 National and International Standards 737
Appendix 5 Whole-body Vibration and Health—Field Studies 749
Appendix 6 Examples of Vibration-induced White Finger from the Use of Percussive Metal-working Tools 765
Appendix 7 Examples of Vibration-induced White Finger from the Use of Grinding and Other Rotary Tools 771
Appendix 8 Examples of Vibration-induced White Finger from the Use of Pneumatic Hammers and Drills such as Used in Mining Work 773
Appendix 9 Examples of Vibration-induced White Finger from the Use of Chain Saws 777
Appendix 10 Examples of Bone and Joint Disorders in Users of Vibrating Tools 781
Appendix 11 Examples of Muscle，Nerve and Other Sensory Anomalies in Users of Vibrating Tools 787
Appendix 12 Examples of Subjective Symptoms and Clinical Observations Associated with the Use of Vibrating Tools 793
Glossary 799
References 863
Index 953