1．HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 1
2．AUTHORIZATION FOR AUTOPSY 14
3．GENERAL TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS 35
4．UNEXPECTED DEATH FROM NATURAL CAUSES，ACCIDENTAL DEATH，AND MEDICOLEGAL CASES 53
5．AUTOPSY ON PATIENTS WHO HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO OR TREATED WITH RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES 78
6．EXTERNAL EXAMINATION：EXAMINATION OF THE BREAST AND SEROUS CAVITIES；REMOVAL OF ORGANS 82
Breast 99
Peritoneal Cavity 111
Thoracic Cavity 118
Pleural Cavity 121
Pericardial Cavity 123
Removal of Organs 128
7．EXAMINATION OF THE INTERNAL ORGANS AND TISSUES 151
Veins 151
Lymph Vessels 154
Celiac Plexus 157
Lymph Nodes 157
Suprarenals 160
8．MALE GENITOURINARY TRACT 167
Kidneys 167
Pelves and Ureters 191
Urinary Bladder and Urethra 193
Prostate 197
Testis，Epididymis，Spermatic Cord，Seminal Vesicle，Scrotum，and Penis 200
9．RECTUM 209
10．FEMALE GENITALIA 210
Vulva 214
Bartholin Gland 216
Vagina 216
Cervix and Uterus 217
Fallopian Tubes 222
Ovaries 223
11．NECK ORGANS AND ORAL CAVITY 229
Parathyroid Glands 229
Thyroid 235
Oral Cavity，Tonsils，Palate，Pharynx，Salivary Glands，Malignant Tumors of the Epipharynx，and Teeth 239
12．NOSE AND ACCESSORY SINUSES 250
13．ESOPHAGUS，LARYNX，TRACHEA，AND BRONCHI 254
Esophagus 254
Larynx，Trachea，and Bronchi 256
14．CHEST ORGANS 262
Thymus 262
Lungs 264
Heart and Aorta(Arteries) 283
15．GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 325
Intestines 328
Stomach 342
16．GALLBLADDER AND BILE DUCTS 349
17．LIVER 354
18．PANCREAS 366
19．SPLEEN 371
20．SKULL，MENINGES，EAR，BRAIN，HYPOPHYSIS，AND PINEAL BODY 383
Dura Mater(Pachymeninx) 387
Pia and Arachnoid(Leptomeninges) 390
Hypophysis 417
Pineal Body 420
21．SPINAL CORD 421
22．PERIPHERAL NERVES 426
23．SKELETAL AND MUSCLE SYSTEM 428
Bones 428
Cartilage 443
Joints 444
Skeletal Muscles 448
Tendon and Fascial Sheaths and Bursae 451
24．BLOOD DYSCRASIAS 453
25．AUTOPSIES ON STILLBORNS AND INFANTS 459
26．ANATOMIC FINDINGS IN VITAMIN DEFICIENCIES 470
27．NOTES ON CERTAIN TROPICAL DISEASES 475
28．AUTOPSY TISSUE BANKING TECHNICS 482
29．＂DO＂OR＂DON＇T＂AND CERTAIN SUGGESTIONS FOR QUICK ORIENTATION 492
30．NOTE ON AUTOPSIES ON EMBALMED AND DECOMPOSED BODIES 501
31．WEIGHTS AND MEASUREMENTS OF ORGANS 507
INDEX 513
ILLUSTRATIONS 28
1A．Form of Autopsy Authorization(Front) 28
1B．Form of Autopsy Authorization(Reverse) 29
2．Postmortem Instruments：Scissors and Knives 37
3．Postmortem Instruments：Saws 38
4．Postmortem Instruments：Hammer，Needle，Chisel，Bone Rongeur 39
5．Postmortem Instruments：Rib Knife，Brunetti＇s Chisels 40
6．Primary Incision Most Commonly Used 96
7．Primary Incision Continuing to the Middle of the Groin 97
8．Removal of Skin and Muscles from Thorax 98
9．Cutting Through First Intercostal Space 116
10．Method of Opening Thoracic Cavity 117
11．Removal of Sternum and Attached Cartilaginous Portions of Ribs 117
12．Cutting Through First Rib 118
13．Method of Opening Sternoclavicular Joint 119
14．Cutting Through Sternoclavicular Joint 120
15．After the Rectum Has Been Freed 129
16．Cutting Through Left Portion of Diaphragm 130
17．Cutting Through Right Portion of Diaphragm 130
18．Severing Large Branches of Aorta，Trachea，Esophagus，and Soft Tissues Down to Spinal Column 131
19．Cutting Through Tissue Between Aorta and Spinal Column 132
20．Primary Incision in Presence of Previous Operative Incision 135
21．Incisions into the Isolated Heart 142
22．Cutting the Right Atrium Between the Openings of the Superior and Inferior Venae Cavae 143
23．Opening of the Right Ventricle Along the Margo Acutus 144
24．Opening of the Pulmonary Artery 145
25．Opening of the Left Ventricle and Aortic Valve 147
26．Relationship of Femoral Artery，Vein，and Nerve 152
27．Diagram Showing Sites of Origin of Retroperitoneal Tumors 156
28．Section Through Kidney 169
29．Removal of Capsule of Kidney 169
30．Method of Opening Uterine Cavity 211
31．Method of Opening Right and Left Horns of Uterus 211
32．Anomalies of Uterus 213
33．Anomalies of Uterus 214
34．Location of the Parathyroids 230
35．Structures of Anterior and Posterior Cervical Triangles 233
36．Single and Double Incomplete Cleft Lip 240
37．Cleft of Entire Hard and Soft Palate；Tripartite Cleft 240
38．Complete Single Cleft of Entire Soft and Hard Palates 241
39．Section Through Lung(Left Upper Lobe) 265
40．Section Through Lung(Right Upper and Middle Lobes) 266
41．Section Through Heart；Opening Left Ventricle 284
42．Section Through Heart；Cutting Through Righ Ventricle and Atrium 285
43．Continuation of Section Through Right Heart；Opening Pulmonary Valve and Artery 286
44．Continuation of Section Through Left Heart；Opening Mitral Valve and Left Atrium 287
45．Continuation of Section Through Left Heart；Opening Aortic Valve and Aorta 288
46．Distribution of Coronary Arteries as Found in 80 Per Cent of Adult Human Hearts 290
47．Location of the Sinus Node，the Atrioventricular Node，and the Right Bundle of His 291
48．Location of the Left Bundle of His 292
49．Normal Aortic Valve 322
50．Insufficiency of Aortic Valve 322
51．Stenosis of Aortic Orifice 322
52．Involvement of Aortic Valve in Syphilitic Aortitis 322
53．Severing of Uppermost Portion of Jejunum 326
54．Cutting Mesentery Close to Its Attachment to Intestines 326
55．Method of Opening Small Intestine 327
56．Method of Opening Large Intestine 327
57．Abnormalities of Anus 328
58．Method of Opening Duodenum and Stomach 342
59．Portal Ligament and Adjacent Structures 350
60．Section Through Liver 355
61．Section Through Spleen 372
62．Primary Incision Through Scalp 384
63．Line of Opening Skull 385
64．Opening Longitudinal Sinus 386
65．Incision into Dura 387
66．Cutting Through Tentorium 394
67．Incisions for Removal of Block Containing Hypophysis and Internal Carotid Artery 395
68．Diagram of Base of Skull 396
69．Lines of Incisions for Demonstrating the Auditory Apparatus 397
70．Dissection of Fresh Brain；Removal of Hemispheres 402
71．Dissection of Fresh Brain；Dissection of Lateral Ventricles 403
72．Dissection of Fresh Brain；Removal of Corpus Callosum 404
73．Dissection of Fresh Brain；Completion of Dissection of Ventricles 405
74．Dissection of Fresh Brain；Lines of Cutting Through Cerebellum 405
75．Vertical Cross Section Through Formalin-Fixed Brain 406
76．Structures of Brain To Be Examined Histologically for Rabies 411
77．Removal of Spinal Cord 422
78．Various Types of Fractures 434
79．Diagram Showing Osseous Development of Infant at Full Term，and Development of Ossification Centers in Weeks 462
80．Location of Venous Sinuses of the Base of the Skull，the Vein of Galen and the Veins of the Orbit 465
TABLES 112
1．Differential Diagnostic Features of the Origin of Various Types of Fluid Found in the Peritoneal Cavity 112
2．Differential Diagnostic Features of the Origin of Various Types of Fluid Found in the Pleural Cavity 121
3．Differential Diagnostic Features of the Origin of Various Types of Fluid Found in the Pericardial Cavity 125
4．Differential Diagnostic Features of Some Kidney Lesions 184
5．Clinical Differential Diagnostic Outline of Some Kidney Diseases 185
6．Differential Diagnostic Features of the More Common Types of Thyroid Lesions 238
7．Differential Diagnostic Features of Lung Lesions Not Involving an Entire Lobe 280
8．Differential Diagnostic Features of Lung Lesions Involving a Whole Lobe or Entire Lung 282
9．Determination of Approximate Age of Myocardial Infarct 303
10．Differential Diagnostic Features of More Common Types of Endocarditis 310
11．Differential Diagnostic Features of Functional Disturbances of Heart Valves 314
12．Differential Diagnostic Features of Some Intestinal Lesions 334
13．Differential Diagnostic Features of Lesions in Liver 356
14．Differential Diagnostic Features of Lesions Involving Parts of Spleen 373
15．Differential Diagnostic Features of Some Lesions That Involve the Spleen Diffusely 374
16．Criteria for Classification as to Period of Development 463
17．Vitamin Deficiencies—Tissue Affected 472
18．Vitamin Deficiencies—Disease Produced 473
19．Weight of Organs of Children 508