PARTⅠSpeaking and Listening 2
1.Speaking in Public 2
The Power of Public Speaking 4
The Tradition of Public Speaking 6
Similarities Between Public Speakingand Conversation 6
Differences Between Public Speakingand Conversation 9
Developing Confidence: Your Speech Class 9
Nervousness Is Normal 10
Dealing with Nervousness 11
Public Speaking and Critical Thinking 16
The Speech Communication Process 17
Speaker 17
Message 18
Channel 18
Listener 19
Feedback 20
Interference 20
Situation 21
The Speech Communication Process:Example with Commentary 22
Public Speaking in a Multicultural World 22
Cultural Diversity in the Modern World 22
Cultural Diversity and Public Speaking 24
Avoiding Ethnocentrism 25
2.Ethics and Public Speaking 32
The Importance of Ethics 34
Guidelines for Ethical Speaking 36
Make Sure Your Goals Are Ethically Sound 36
Be Fully Prepared for Each Speech 37
Be Honest in What You Say 38
Avoid Name-Calling and Other Forms ofAbusive Language 39
Put Ethical Principles into Practice 40
Plagiarism 42
Global Plagiarism 43
Patchwork Plagiarism 43
Incremental Plagiarism 45
Plagiarism and the Internet 46
Guidelines for Ethical Listening 47
Be Courteous and Attentive 47
Avoid Prejudging the Speaker 48
Maintain the Free and Open Expressionof Ideas 48
3.Listening 54
Listening Is Important 54
Listening and Critical Thinking 57
Four Causes of Poor Listening 58
Not Concentrating 58
Listening Too Hard 59
Jumping to Conclusions 60
Focusing on Delivery and Personal Appearance 61
How to Become a Better Listener 62
Take Listening Seriously 62
Bean Active Listener 62
Resist Distractions 64
Don't Be Diverted by Appearance or Delivery 65
Suspend Judgment 66
Focus Your Listening 66
Develop Note-Taking Skills 68
APPENDIX Giving Your First Speech 73
Preparing Your Speech 74
Developing the Speech 74
Organizing the Speech 75
Delivering Your Speech 78
Speaking Extemporaneously 78
Rehearsing the Speech 79
Presenting the Speech 80
Sample Speeches with Commentary 81
PARTⅡSpeech Preparation:Getting Started 84
4.Selecting a Topic and Purpose 84
Choosing a Topic 86
Topics You Know a Lot About 87
Topics You Want to Know More About 88
Brainstorming for Topics 89
Determining the General Purpose 93
Determining the Specific Purpose 93
Tips for Formulating the SpecificPurpose Statement 95
Questions to Ask About Your Specific Purpose 98
Phrasing the Central Idea 100
What Is the Central Idea? 100
Guidelines for the Central Idea 102
5.Analyzing the Audience 108
Audience-Centeredness 110
Your Classmates as an Audience 112
The Psychology of Audiences 113
Demographic Audience Analysis 114
Age 115
Gender 116
Sexual Orientation 117
Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Background 118
Religion 120
Group Membership 121
Situational Audience Analysis 121
Size 122
Physical Setting 122
Disposition Toward the Topic 123
Disposition Toward the Speaker 125
Disposition Toward the Occasion 125
Getting Information About the Audience 127
Interviewing 127
Questionnaires 127
Adapting to the Audience 130
Audience Adaptation Before the Speech 130
Audience Adaptation During the Speech 131
6.Gathering Materials 136
Using Your Own Knowledge and Experience 138
Doing Library Research 139
Librarians 139
The Catalogue 139
Periodical Databases 140
Newspapers 143
Reference Works 144
Searching the Internet 147
Search Aids 147
Keyword Searches 150
Subject Searches 151
Bookmarks 152
Specialized Research Resources 152
Evaluating Internet Documents 155
Citing Internet Sources 157
Interviewing 158
Before the Interview 158
During the Interview 160
After the Interview 162
Tips for Doing Research 163
Start Early 163
Make a Preliminary Bibliography 163
Take Notes Efficiently 165
Think About Your Materials as You Research 167
7.Supporting Your Ideas 172
Supporting Materials and Critical Thinking 175
Examples 175
Brief Examples 176
Extended Examples 177
Hypothetical Examples 177
Tips for Using Examples 178
Statistics 180
Understanding Statistics 182
Tips for Using Statistics 184
Where to Find Statistics 188
Testimony 189
Expert Testimony 189
Peer Testimony 190
Quoting Versus Paraphrasing 191
Tips for Using Testimony 191
Sample Speech with Commentary 194
PARTⅢSpeech Preparation:Organizing and Outlining 200
8.Organizing the Body of the Speech 200
Organization Is Important 202
Main Points 203
Number of Main Points 205
Strategic Order of Main Points 206
Tips for Preparing Main Points 211
Supporting Materials 213
Connectives 215
Transitions 215
Internal Previews 216
Internal Summaries 216
Signposts 217
9.Beginning and Ending the Speech 222
The Introduction 224
Get Attention and Interest 224
Reveal the Topic 232
Establish Credibility and Goodwill 233
Preview the Body of the Speech 234
Sample Introduction with Commentary 236
Tips for Preparing the Introduction 237
The Conclusion 237
Signal the End of the Speech 237
Reinforce the Central Idea 239
Sample Conclusion with Commentary 242
Tips for Preparing the Conclusion 243
10.Outlining the Speech 246
The Preparation Outline 248
Guidelines for the Preparation Outline 248
Sample Preparation Outline with Commentary 253
The Speaking Outline 256
Guidelines for the Speaking Outline 256
Sample Speaking Outline with Commentary 259
PsrtⅣPresenting the Speech 264
11.Using Language 264
Language Is Important 266
Meanings of Words 268
Using Language Accurately 269
Using Language Clearly 271
Use Familiar Words 271
Choose Concrete Words 273
Eliminate Clutter 274
Using Language Vividly 276
Imagery 276
Rhythm 279
Using Language Appropriately 282
Appropriateness to the Occasion 282
Appropriateness to the Audience 282
Appropriateness to the Topic 283
Appropriateness to the Speaker 284
A Note on Inclusive Language 284
12.Delivery 292
What Is Good Delivery? 294
Methods of Delivery 295
Reading from a Manuscript 295
Reciting from Memory 296
Speaking Impromptu 296
Speaking Extemporaneously 298
The Speaker's Voice 299
Volume 299
Pitch 300
Rate 300
Pauses 301
Vocal Variety 302
Pronunciation 303
Articulation 304
Dialect 305
The Speaker's Body 306
Personal Appearance 307
Movement 308
Gestures 308
Eye Contact 309
Practicing Delivery 310
Answering Audience Questions 311
Preparing for the Question-and-Answer Session 312
Managing the Question-and-Answer Session 313
13.Using Visual Aids 320
Advantages of Visual Aids 322
Kinds of Visual Aids 323
Objects 323
Models 324
Photographs 325
Drawings 325
Graphs 327
Charts 329
Video 329
Transparencies 330
Multimedia Presentations 330
The Speaker 332
Guidelines for Preparing Visual Aids 332
Prepare Visual Aids in Advance 332
Keep Visual Aids Simple 333
Make Sure Visual Aids Are Large Enough 333
Use Fonts That Are Easy to Read 334
Use a Limited Number of Fonts 335
Use Color Effectively 336
Guidelines for Presenting Visual Aids 336
Avoid Using the Chalkboard for Visual Aids 337
Display Visual Aids Where Listeners Can See Them 337
Avoid Passing Visual Aids Among the Audience 337
Display Visual Aids Only While Discussing Them 338
Talk to Your Audience, Not to Your Visual Aid 338
Explain Visual Aids Clearly and Concisely 338
Practice with Your Visual Aids 339
APPENDIX Using PowerPoint 343
Pluses and Minuses of PowerPoint 344
Planning to Use PowerPoint 344
Getting Started in PowerPoint 345
Screen Elements 345
Templates 346
Slide Layouts 347
Elements of PowerPoint Slides 348
Text 349
Photographs 349
Clip Art 350
Graphs 350
Sounds 350
Video 351
Formatting Slides 352
Color 352
Fonts 353
Space 354
Animation 355
Delivering Your Speech with PowerPoint 355
Recheck Your Slides 356
Know Slide Show Commands 356
Practice Your Speech with PowerPoint 357
Display Slides Only While Discussing Them 358
Check the Room and Equipment 358
Develop a Backup Plan 359
Copyright and Fair Use 359
Sample Speech with Commentory 360
PARTⅤVarieties of Public Speaking 364
14.Speaking to Inform 364
pes of Informative Speeches: Analysis andOrganization 367
Speeches About Objects 367
Speeches About Processes 369
Speeches About Events 372
Speeches About Concepts 374
Guidelines for Informative Speaking 376
Don't Overestimate What the Audience Knows 376
Relate the Subject Directly to the Audience 378
Don't Be Too Technical 380
Avoid Abstractions 382
Personalize Your Ideas 384
Sample Speech with Commentary 385
15.Speaking to Persuade 392
The Importance of Persuasion 394
Ethics and Persuasion 395
The Psychology of Persuasion 396
The Challenge of Persuasive Speaking 396
How Listeners Process Persuasive Messages 397
The Target Audience 399
Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Fact 400
What Are Questions of Fact? 400
Analyzing Questions of Fact 400
Organizing Speeches on Questions of Fact 401
Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Value 403
What Are Questions of Value? 403
Analyzing Questions of Value 403
Organizing Speeches on Questions of Value 404
Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Policy 405
What Are Questions of Policy? 405
Types of Speeches on Questions of Policy 406
Analyzing Questions of Policy 408
Organizing Speeches on Questions of Policy 410
Sample Speech with Commentary 417
16.Methods of Persuasion 426
Building Credibility 428
Factors of Credibility 429
Types of Credibility 430
Enhancing Your Credibility 431
Using Evidence 433
How Evidence Works: A Case Study 434
Tips for Using Evidence 435
Reasoning 437
Reasoning from Specific Instances 438
Reasoning from Principle 440
Causal Reasoning 443
Analogical Reasoning 444
Fallacies 445
Appealing to Emotions 448
What Are Emotional Appeals? 449
Generating Emotional Appeal 450
Ethics and Emotional Appeal 452
Sample Speech with Commentary 453
17.Speaking on Special Occasions 462
Speeches of Introduction 464
Speeches of Presentation 467
Speeches of Acceptance 468
Commemorative Speeches 469
Aer-Dinner Speeches 472
18.Speaking in Small Groups 478
What Is a Small Group? 480
Leadership in Small Groups 481
Kinds of Leadership 481
Functions of Leadership 482
Responsibilities in a Small Group 484
Commit Yourself to the Goals of Your Group 484
Fulfill Individual Assignments 485
Avoid Interpersonal Conflicts 486
Encourage Full Participation 488
Keep the Discussion on Track 488
The Reflective-Thinking Method 490
Define the Problem 490
Analyze the Problem 491
Establish Criteria for Solutions 492
Generate Potential Solutions 493
Select the Best Solution 494