Ⅰ Basics 1
1 Kinematics and invariants 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Four-vectors and kinematic variables 7
1.3 Invariants 14
2 Cross sections 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Derivation of the cross section from nonrelativistic perturbation theory 26
2.3 The wave-optical model and total cross sections 47
2.4 The quark model，hadron-hadron interactions and parton distribution functions 60
2.5 Photoproduction and two-photon physics in heavy-ion collisions 96
3 Geometry 105
3.1 Introduction 105
3.2 Nuclear density distributions 105
3.3 Geometry of nucleus-nucleus collisions 117
3.4 Probes of centrality 128
4 Thermodynamics 149
4.1 Introduction 149
4.2 Review of thermodynamics 154
4.3 Phase transitions 171
4.4 Phase transitions in nuclear physics 183
5 Hydrodynamics 221
5.1 Introduction 221
5.2 Energy-momentum tensor 225
5.3 Hydrodynamic equations 228
5.4 Solutions to the hydrodynamic equations：longitudinal expansion 238
5.5 Solutions to the hydrodynamic equations：transverse（radial）expansion 257
5.6 Observable consequences 269
6 Lattice gauge theory 279
6.1 Introduction 279
6.2 Symmetries and the Lagrangian 280
6.3 Basics of lattice gauge theory 292
6.4 Chiral symmetry and spontaneous symmetry breaking 333
6.5 Selected results from lattice QCD 341
Ⅱ Probes 357
7 Thermal dileptons 359
7.1 Introduction 359
7.2 High mass thermal dilepton rate 360
7.3 Initial conditions 371
7.4 Numerical results 374
7.5 Other dilepton sources 382
8 Quarkonium 385
8.1 Introduction to quarkonium in heavy-ion collisions 385
8.2 Quarkonium levels at T=0 387
8.3 Quarkonium production 393
8.4 Quarkonium suppression by a quark-gluon plasma 401
8.5 Quarkonium suppression by hadrons 413
8.6 Nucleus-nucleus collisions 421
9 Hadronization 427
9.1 Introduction 427
9.2 Fragmentation in pp collisions 427
9.3 Nuclear effects 445
Bibliography 455
Index 469