Part I. Theory and Concept 1
Chapter 1: Scope and Policy Objectives 3
A. Introduction 3
B. Scope of "Economic Sanctions" 17
Chapter 2: History of U.S. Economic Sanctions 31
A. Introduction 32
B. Historical Overview 33
C. Major Programs 36
Chapter 3: Legal Authority for Sanctions 143
A. Introduction 145
B. U.S. Law 149
C. International Law 305
D. Summary and Conclusions 335
Chapter 4: Effectiveness of Sanctions 339
A. Introduction 339
B. Criteria of "Effectiveness" 341
C. Review of Recent Criticisms 342
D. Economic and Political Criteria 349
E. Summary and Conclusions 378
Part II. Current Practice 385
Chapter 5: East Asian Embargo Controls and Basic Concepts 387
A. Introduction 388
B. Scope and Impact 390
C. Scope of Controls 393
D. Licensing Policies 413
E. Interpretive Problems 438
F. Summary and Conclusions 449
Chapter 6: Cuban Embargo Controls 459
A. Introduction 460
B. Scope and Impact 461
C. Scope and Controls 461
D. Licensing Policies 468
E. Interpretive Problems 500
F. Summary and Conclusions 504
Chapter 7: Libyan Sanctions 511
A. Introduction 512
B. Scope and Impact 513
C. Scope and Sanctions 514
D. Licensing Policies 526
E. Interpretive Problems 538
F. Summary and Conclusions 547
Chapter 8: Iraqi Sanctions 555
A. Introduction 556
B. Scope and Impact 558
C. Scope and Sanctions 558
D. Licensing Policies 583
E. Interpretive Problems 595
F. Summary and Conclusions 602
Chapter 9: Other Limited Sanctions Programs 609
A. Introduction 610
B. Iranian Sanctions 613
C. Yugoslav Sanctions 624
D. UNITA/Angola Sanctions 635
E. Rwandan Arms Embargo 637
F. The Terrorist Assets Blocking and the Taliban Sanctions 647
G. Sanctions against Narcotics Traffickers 647
H. Sanctions against Myanmar (Burma) 651
Selected Bibliography 657
Table of Cases 681
Table of Statutes 687
Table of Rules and Regulations 693
Index 711