1 INTRODUCTION&Robert Burchfield 1
1.1 Variety and diversity 1
1.2 A general survey of the varieties 4
1.3 Distinctive and shared features 8
1.4 Some general verdicts,comments and predictions 13
1.5 Standard English：local or international? 15
Further reading 18
PART Ⅰ Regional varieties of English in Great Britain and Ireland 23
2 ENGLISH IN SCOTLAND&J.Derrick McClure 23
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 History of the speech community 24
2.3 History of the language 46
2.4 Language and culture in Scotland 89
Further reading 92
3 ENGLISH IN WALES&Alan R.Thomas 94
3.1 Introduction 94
3.2 Modernisation,industrialisation and education 100
3.3 Language and social function 103
3.4 Pembroke and The Gower 104
3.5 Attitudes to Welsh and English 105
3.6 Early Welsh English 107
3.7 Modern Welsh English 112
3.8 The future of Welsh English as a dialect 144
Further reading 147
4 ENGLISH IN IRELAND&Jeffrey L.Kallen 148
4.1 Introduction 148
4.2 External history 150
4.3 The linguistic history of English in Ireland 163
4.4 Related studies in Irish English 191
Further reading 195
Notes 196
5 THE DIALECTS OF ENGLAND SINCE 1776&Ossi Ihalainen 197
5.1 Some early observations 197
5.2 Early glossaries and collections of dialect words 200
5.3 Awareness of dialect areas from 1776 till the late nineteenth century 205
5.4 Dialect markers in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century 213
5.5 Awareness of dialect as reflected by the number of writings in and on English dialects up to 1877 231
5.6 Ellis'survey of English dialects(1889) 232
5.7 Wakelin on Ellis'divisions：the extent to which Ellis'areas are still recoverable 247
5.8 Dialect areas today 247
Appendix 264
Further reading 269
Notes 270
PART Ⅱ English overseas 277
6 ENGLISH IN AUSTRALIA&George W.Turner 277
6.1 Introduction 277
6.2 Phonology 283
6.3 Morphology and syntax 301
6.4 Lexis：history 303
Further reading 327
7 ENGLISH IN THE CARIBBEAN&John A.Holm 328
7.1 Introduction 328
7.2 The spread of English and Creole in the West Indies 333
7.3 The restructuring of English in the West Indies 355
Further reading 381
8 ENGLISH IN NEW ZEALAND&Laurie Bauer 382
8.1 Introduction 382
8.2 Pronunciation 388
8.3 The pronunciation of Maori 396
8.4 New Zealand English grammar 399
8.5 Vocabulary 401
8.6 Regional variation in New Zealand English 411
8.7 Maori English 413
8.8 North American influence 417
8.9 The origins of New Zealand English 420
Further reading 428
9 ENGLISH IN SOUTH AFRICA&William Branford 430
9.1 Introduction 430
9.2 The vocabulary：overview 439
9.3 The beloved country 446
9.4 Peoples and tongues 451
9.5 Other domains 460
9.6 Phonology 472
9.7 Syntax 488
9.8 Conclusions and prospects 493
Further reading 495
10 ENGLISH IN SOUTH ASIA&Braj B.Kachru 497
10.1 Introduction 497
10.2 English in the South Asian linguistic repertoire 500
10.3 Types of variation in South Asian English 508
10.4 The South Asianness of South Asian English 513
10.5 Models of English in South Asia 526
10.6 Bilinguals'creativity in South Asian English 528
10.7 Contact and impact：Englishisation 533
10.8 English in post-1947 language policies 542
10.9 Attitudes and schizophrenia about English 549
10.10 Current issues 550
10.11 Conclusion 552
Further reading 552
Notes 553
Glossary of linguistic terms 554
Bibliography 568
Index 627