1.Terminology 1
2.Translators 5
3.Assembly Languages 8
4.Compilers 11
5.Interpreters 15
6.Testing Programs at the Console 18
7.Optimization 22
8.Levels of Integrated-circuit Complexity 26
9.Large-scale Integration Examples 29
10.Semiconductor and Plated-wire Memories 33
11.Vector Supercomputers 37
12.Microprogramming and its Definition 41
13.Lsi and Microprogramming 46
14.Micro-miniaturization a Dialogue 50
15.The Invisible Computer 54
16.Hierarchy of Programming Languages 59
17.Translation among Programming Languages 62
18.Universal Processors 67
19.The Concept of Fault-tolerant Computing 71
20.Mass Storage—future Trends 74
21.Development of the Stored Program Concept 78
22.The Virtual Storage 83
23.The Virtual Machine 87
24.On-line Real-time Systems 91
25.Operator Precedence 96
26.Parsing 100
27.Errors—detection and Correction 105
28.Time Sharing 109
29.Optical Character Recognition 115
30.Achieving a Fast Data-transfer Rate by Optimizing Existing Technology 121