Ⅰ.THE ORIGIN OF PAGODAS 9
Ⅱ.DEVELOPMENT OF PAGODAS 12
Ⅲ.USES OF PAGODAS 15
Ⅳ.BUILDING MATERIALS USED DURING DIFFERENT HISTORICAL STAGES 18
Ⅴ.STRUCTURES OF PAGODAS 22
Ⅵ.TYPES OF ANCIENT PAGODAS 27
Multistorey Pagodas 27
Duobao Glazed Pagoda at the Summer Palace of Beijing 28
Jade Peak Pagoda on Jade Spring Hill near Beijing 28
Glazed Pagoda on Fragrant Hill of Beijing 29
Ivory Pagoda in the Palace Museum of Beijing 29
Duobao Pagoda at Liangxiang near Beijing 29
Liaodi Pagoda at Kaiyuan Temple in Dingzhou of Hebei Province 34
Wooden Pagoda at Tianning Temple in Zhengding of Hebei Province 34
Pagoda at Yunju Temple in Zhuozhou of Hebei Province 34
Sarira Pagoda at Chengde Mountain Resort in Hebei Prov-ince 41
Glazed Pagoda at Xumifushou Temple in Chengde of Hebei Province 41
Sarira Pagoda in Jingxian County of Hebei Province 41
Twin Pagodas at Yongzuo Temple in Taiyuan of Shanxi Province 44
Sarira Shengsheng Pagoda at Jin Temple in Taiyuan of Shanxi Province 44
Pagodas Inside the Yungang Grottoes in Datong of Shanxi Province 44
Wooden Pagoda in Yingxian County of Shanxi Province 48
Feihong Pagoda in Hongtong County of Shanxi Prov-ince 55
Sarira Pagoda at Shengshou Temple in Ruicheng of Shanxi Province 55
Yingying Pagoda at Pujiu Temple in Yongji of Shanxi Province 55
Wanbuhuayanjing Pagoda in Hohhot of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 58
White Pagoda of Ancient Qingzhou in Bairin Right Banner of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 58
Duobao Buddhist Pagoda at Wangu Temple in Yongji of Shanxi Province 58
Longhua Pagoda in Shanghai 64
Pagoda at Xingshengjiao Temple in Songjiang County near Shanghai 64
Linggu Pagoda in Nanjing of Jiangsu Province 64
Sanzang Pagoda in Nanjing of Jiangsu Province 64
Ruins of Glazed Pagoda at Grand Bao'en Temple in Nanjing of Jiangsu Province 68
Stone Pagoda at Mulanyuan Temple in Yangzhou of Jiangsu Province 70
Wenfeng Pagoda in Yangzhou of Jiangsu Province 70
Cishou Pagoda at Jinshan Temple in Zhenjiang of Jiangsu Province 70
Iron Pagoda at Ganlu Temple in Zhenjiang of Jiangsu Province 70
Sengjia Pagoda in Zhenjiang of Jiangsu Province 76
Ruiguang Pagoda in Suzhou of Jiangsu Province 76
Yunyan Temple Pagoda in Suzhou of Jiangsu Province 76
Square Pagoda at Chongjiao Xingfu Temple in Changshu of Jiangsu Province 79
Bao'en Temple Pagoda in Suzhou of Jiangsu Province 79
Twin Pagodas at Luohanyuan Temple in Suzhou of Jiangsu Province 79
Baochu Pagoda in Hangzhou of Zhejiang Province 80
Pagoda of Six Harmonies in Hangzhou of Zhejiang Province 84
Ruins of Leifeng Pagoda in Hangzhou of Zhejiang Prov-ince 84
Stone Pagodas at Lingyin Temple in Hangzhou of Zhejiang Province 84
Pagoda at Asoka Temple in Ningbo of Zhejiang Prov-ince 84
Iron Pagoda at Yiwu of Zhejiang Province 89
Feiying Pagoda in Huzhou of Zhejiang Province 89
Zhenfeng Pagoda in Anqing of Anhui Province 89
Wenchang Pagoda in Jingde of Anhui Province 89
Changqing Temple Pagoda in Shexian County of Anhui Province 89
Xinghua Temple Pagoda in Mengcheng of Anhui Prov-ince 89
Chongmiao Baosheng Jianlao Pagoda in Fuzhou of Fujian Province 96
Qianfo Terra-cotta Pagodas in Fuzhou of Fujian Province 96
Dingguang Pagoda in Fuzhou of Fujian Province 96
Luoxing Pagoda in Fuzhou of Fujian Province 99
Sakya Buddhist Pagoda in Putian of Fujian Province 99
Twin Stone Pagodas at Kaiyuan Temple in Quanzhou of Fujian Province 102
Anping Bridge-End Pagoda in Jinjiang of Fujian Prov-ince 102
Gusao Pagoda in Jinjiang of Fujian Province 106
Sanfeng Temple Pagoda in Changle of Fujian Province 107
Red Pagoda in the Ancient Town of Fuliang of Jiangxi Province 107
Baofu Temple Pagoda in Shicheng of Jiangxi Province 107
Shuikou Pagoda in Ningdu of Jiangxi Province 110
Pizhi Pagoda at Lingyan Temple in Changqing of Shandong Province 110
Iron Pagoda at Chongjue Temple in Ji'ning of Shandong Province 110
Xingfu Temple Pagoda in Wuhan of Hubei Province 111
Mount Hong Pagoda in Wuhan of Hubei Province 111
Youguo Temple Iron Pagoda in Kaifeng of Henan Prov-ince 111
Xinglong Temple Pagoda in Yanzhou of Shandong Prov-ince 111
Wanshou Pagoda in Shashi City of Hubei Province 122
Iron Pagoda at Yuquan Temple in Dangyang of Hubei Province 122
Xiangshan Pagoda in Lingxian County of Hunan Prov-ince 122
Ornamental Pagoda at Liurong Temple in Guangzhou of Guangdong Province 122
East and West Iron Pagodas at Guangxiao Temple in Guang-zhou of Guangdong Province 130
Liuzu Hair Pagoda at Guangxiao Temple in Guangzhou of Guangdong Province 130
Fenghuang Pagoda in Chaozhou of Guangdong Prov-ince 130
Sizhou Pagoda in Huizhou of Guangdong Province 130
Sanyuan Pagoda in Haikang County of Guangdong Prov-ince 133
Duobao Pagoda on the North Mountain in Dazu of Sichuan Province 133
White Pagoda at Qutang Gorge in Fengjie County of Sichuan Province 133
Big Wild Goose Pagoda in Xi'an of Shaanxi Province 133
Famen Temple Pagoda in Fufeng County of Shaanxi Prov-ince 137
Pagoda for Liu Helun's Mantle and Alms Bowl at Louguan Terrace in Zhouzhi County of Shaanxi Province 137
Xuanzang Tomb Pagoda in Chang'an County of Shaanxi Province 137
Daqin Temple Pagoda in Zhouzhi County of Shaanxi Prov-ince 137
Botaihou Pagoda in Liquan County of ShaanxiProvince 143
Chongwen Pagoda in Jingyang of Shaanxi Province 143
Pagoda in Yan'an of Shaanxi Province 143
Kumarajiva Pagoda in Wuwei County of Gansu Prov-ince 143
Wooden Pagoda in Zhangye of Gansu Province 148
Haibao Pagoda in Yinchuan of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 148
Chengtian Temple Pagoda in Yinchuan of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 148
Zhenlong Pagoda in Urumqi of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 148
Multi-Eaved Pagodas 152
Pagoda of Old Man Wansong at Xisi of Beijing 152
Divine Light Temple Sarira Pagoda at Badachu of Bei-jing 153
Cishou Temple Pagoda at Balizhuang of Beijing 153
Tianning Temple Pagoda in Beijing 153
Huazanghai Stone Pagoda on Jade Spring Hill in Bei-jing 159
Randeng Pagoda in Tongxian County of Beijing 159
Tomb Pagoda of Monk Jingwan in Fangshan County of Beijing 159
Bailin Temple Pagoda in Zhaoxian County of Hebei Prov-ince 159
Kaiyuan Temple Pagoda in Zhengding County of Hebei Province 159
Chengling Pagoda at Linji Temple in Zhengding County of Hebei Province 164
Yuanying Pagoda in Changli County of Hebei Province 164
Yuanjue Temple Pagoda in Hunyuan County of Shanxi Province 164
White Pagoda at Ningcheng of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 165
The Small Pagoda at Ningcheng of Inner Mongolia Auton-omous Region 165
The South Pagoda in Bairin Left Banner of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 165
Yunjie Temple Pagoda on Phoenix Hill in Chaoyang of Liaoning Province 174
White Pagoda in Liaoyang of Liaoning Province 174
The South and North Pagodas in Chaoyang of Liaoning Province 174
Jiafu Temple Pagoda in Yixian County of Liaoning Prov-ince 174
Zhenheshang Pagoda on Mount Qian of Liaoning Prov-ince 174
Twin Pagodas at Chongxing Temple in Beizhen County of Liaoning Province 174
White Pagoda at Baitayu in Xingcheng of Liaoning Prov-ince 181
Sarira Pagoda on Qixia Hill in Nanjing of Jiangsu Prov-ince 181
Stone Pagoda at Xiling Seal Engravers' Society in Hangzhou of Zhejiang Province 181
Minor Longhu Pagoda in Licheng of Shandong Prov-ince 181
Songyue Temple Pagoda in Dengfeng of Henan Prov-ince 181
Fawang Temple Pagoda in Dengfeng of Henan Prov-ince 182
Qiyun Pagoda in Luoyang of Henan Province 182
Qizu Pagoda at Fengxue Temple in Ruzhou of Henan Prov-ince 187
Tianning Temple Pagoda in Anyang of Henan Prov-ince 187
Sakya Buddha Pagoda at Shita Temple in Qionglai of Si-chuan Province 193
Jiuzhou White Pagoda in Yibin of Sichuan Province 193
Zhengjue Temple Pagoda in Pengxian County of Sichuan Province 193
Baoguang Temple Pagoda in Xindu of Sichuan Prov-ince 193
Lingbao Pagoda in Leshan of Sichuan Province 198
West and East Temple Pagodas in Kunming of Yunnan Province 198
Qianxun Pagoda at Chongsheng Temple in Dali of Yunnan Province 198
Shegu Pagoda at Fotu Temple in Dali of Yunnan Prov-ince 198
Panfu Pagoda in Tonghai of Yunnan Province 205
Chongwen Pagoda in Jianshui of Yunnan Province 205
Small Wild Goose Pagoda in Xi'an of Shaanxi Province 205
Shan Dao Pagoda at Xiangji Temple in Chang'an County of Shaanxi Province 206
Sarira Pagoda at Xianyou Temple in Zhouzhi of Shaanxi Province 206
Pavilion-Style Pagodas 212
Pagoda of Tiandanshouyi at White Cloud Taoist Monastery of Beijing 212
Monk Fanzhou's Pagoda in Yuncheng of Shanxi Prov-ince 213
Simen(Four-Door)Pagoda in Licheng of Shandong Prov-ince 213
Zushi Pagoda at Foguang Temple in Wutai of Shanxi Prov-ince 213
Longhu Pagoda in Licheng of Shandong Province 215
Monk Huichong Pagoda at Lingyan Temple in Changqing of Shandong Province 218
Monk Jingzang Pagoda in Dengfeng of Henan Prov-ince 218
The Tang Dynasty Pagoda at Fawang Temple in Dengfeng of Henan Province 218
Xiuding Temple Pagoda in Anyang of Henan Province 218
Kumarajiva Pagoda at Caotang Temple in Huxian County of Shaanxi Province 224
Earthen Pagoda on Top of Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang of Gansu Province 224
Laojuntang Cishi Pagoda in Dunhuang of Gansu Prov-ince 224
Ornamental Pagodas 228
Zhen'gang Pagoda at Changxindian of Beijing 228
Ornamental Pagoda at Tuoli in Fangshan County of Bei-jing 228
Sunlight and Moonlight Pagodas in Taiyuan of Shanxi Province 231
Monk Gaogong Pagoda at Foguang Temple in Wutai of Shanxi Province 231
Ornamental Pagoda at Guanghui Temple in Zhengding of Hebei Province 231
Xiude Pagoda at Quyang of Hebei Province 231
Ornamental Pagoda at Chengziwan in Dunhuang of Gansu Province 235
Inverted-Bowl-Style Lamaist Dago-bas 236
White Dagoba at Beihai Park in Beijing 236
White Dagoba at Miaoying Temple in Beijing 236
Gold Dagobas in the Palace Museum of Beijing 237
Sarira Dagoba at Tayuan Temple in Wutai of Shanxi Prov-ince 237
Yanshou Dagoba at Tanzhe Temple in Beijing 237
Manjusri's Hair Dagoba at Tayuan Temple in Wutai of Shanxi Province 240
White Marble Dagoba at Xilitu Temple in Hohhot of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 240
White Dagoba at Lianxing Temple in Yangzhou of Jiangsu Province 240
Shengxiang Dagoba in Wuhan of Hubei Province 249
Wenfeng Dagoba in Zhongxiang of Hubei Province 249
Chorten of the Fifth Dalai Lama in the Potala Palace in Lhasa of Tibet Autonomous Region 249
Chorten of the Tenth Bainqen Lama at Tashilhunpo Monas-tery in Xigaze of Tibet Autonomous Region 249
Tomb Pagoda for Taoist Priest Wang in Dunhuang of Gansu Province 253
Beigengqudeng Dagoba in Gyangze of Tibet Autonomous Region 253
Northern Liang Sculptured Small Stone Dagobas in Gansu Museum in Lanzhou 253
Labulun Temple Dagoba in Xiahe of Gansu Province 258
Dayin Dagoba at Ta'er Temple in Huangzhong of Qinghai Province 258
Ruyi Dagobas at Ta'er Temple in Huangzhong of Qinghai Province 258
Taiping Dagoba at Ta'er Temple in Huangzhong of Qinghai Province 258
Mo'er Buddhist Dagoba in Kashi of Xinjiang Uygur Auton-omous Region 258
Pagodas on Vajrasanas 264
Vajrasana Pagoda at Zhenjue Temple of Beijing 264
Qingjinghuayu Pagoda in Beijing 265
Miaogao Dagoba near Beijing 265
Pagoda on Vajrasana at Biyun Temple in Beijing 267
Five Lamaist Dagobas on the Brick Hall at Wannian Temple on Mount Emei of Sichuan Province 272
Multiple Pagodas on One Pedestal at Guangde Temple in Xiangyang of Hubei Province 272
Gold Dagoba on Vajrasana in Nanjing Museum of Jiangsu Province 272
Sarira Pagoda on Vajrasana at Cideng Temple in Hohhot of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 272
Dagoba on Vajrasana at Yuanzhao Temple in Wutai of Shanxi Province 272
Vajrasana Dagoba in Pengxian County of Sichuan Prov-ince 278
Vajrasana Dagobas in Guandu near Kunming of Yunnan Province 278
Pagodas Across Streets and Pagoda Gateways 280
Pagoda Base Across the Road at Juyong Pass near Bei-jing 280
Red,Green,Black and White Pagoda Gateway at Puning Temple in Chengde of Hebei Province 281
Five-Pagoda Gateway at Putuozongcheng Temple in Chengde of Hebei Province 281
Street Dagoba on Mount Yuntai in Zhenjiang of Jiangsu Province 281
Wanshou Temple Sarira Stupa in Guilin of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 281
Dagoba Gate to Ta'er Temple in Huangzhong of Qinghai Province 282
Box-Shaped Pagodas for Keeping Buddhist Sutras 290
Miniature Carved Wooden Sarira Pagoda at Asoka Temple in Ningbo of Zhejiang Province 290
Gilded Pagoda Preserved at the Museum of Anhui Province in Hefei 291
Box-Shaped Stone Pagodas Carved with Buddhist Scriptures at Kaiyuan Temple in Quanzhou of Fujian Province 291
Duobao Pagoda at Puji Temple on Mount Putuo of Zhejiang Province 291
Box-Shaped Pagodas Inscribed with Buddhist Scriptures at Kaiyuan Temple in Chaozhou of Guangdong Prov-ince 292
Taizang Pagoda in Turpan of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 292
Ancient Pagodas of Other Styles 298
North Pagoda at Yunju Temple in Beijing 298
Guanyin Temple White Pagoda in Jixian County of Tian-jin 298
Copper Pagodas at Xiantong Temple in Wutai of Shanxi Province 298
Wanfotang Tube Pagoda in Yixian County of Liaoning Province 304
Putong Pagoda at Jile Temple in Harbin of Heilongjiang Province 304
Spherical Pagoda at Kaiyuan Temple in Quanzhou of Fujian Province 306
Watchtower-Shaped Pagoda in Licheng of Shandong Prov-ince 306
Jiuding Pagoda in Licheng of Shandong Province 306
Po Pagoda in Kaifeng of Henan Province 306
Wenbi Pagoda in Jianshui of Yunnan Province 307
Shubao Pagodas in Mangshi of Yunnan Province 307
Dajin Dagobas at Zhele Temple in Ruili of Yunnan Prov-ince 307
Huayan Copper Pagoda at Baoguo Temple on Mount Emei of Sichuan Province 307
White Pagoda in Dayao of Yunnan Province 307
Guang Minaret at Huaisheng Mosque in Guangzhou of Guangdong Province 307
Manfeilong White Pagodas in Jinghong of Yunnan Prov-ince 309
White Pagoda on Baita Mountain in Lanzhou of Gansu Province 315
Sugong Minaret in Turpan of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 315
Pagoda Forests 318
Yinshan Pagoda Forest at Changping of Beijing 318
Pagoda Forest at Lingyan Temple in Changqing of Shandong Province 318
Pagoda Forest at Shaolin Temple in Dengfeng of Henan Province 318
Tang Dynasty Tomb Pagodas at Fawang Temple in Deng-feng of Henan Province 319
One Hundred Eight Dagobas in Qingtongxia in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 319
Ⅶ.INDEX 328
Distribution of China's Major Ancient Pagodas 328