Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Section 1 The Main Contents of Diagnostics of TCM 2
I. Diagnostic Method 2
II. Syndrome Differentiation 4
Section 2 The Principles of Diagnosis in TCM 5
I.Holism 5
II.Applying Four Diagnostic Methods in Combination 7
III.Differentiating the Syndrome of a Disease 8
Section 3 The Brief History of TCM Diagnostics 9
Chapter 2 Observation 17
Section 1 Observing Vitality, Color, Figure and Posture 17
I.Vitality 18
II.Color 22
III.Figure 29
IV.Posture 32
Section 2 Local Observation 33
I.Head Observation 33
II.Face Observation 34
III.Hair Observation 34
IV.Eye Observation 35
V.Ear Observation 38
VI.Nose Observation 38
VII.Lip Observation 39
VIII.Tooth and Gum Observation 39
IX.Throat Observation 40
X.Neck Observation 40
XI.Chest and Abdomen Observation 41
XII.Lumbus and Back Observation 42
XIII.Limb Observation 42
XIV.Genital and Anus Observation 45
XV.Skin Observation 46
Section 3 Observation of Excreta 50
I.Observing sputum, Saliva, Nasal Discharge and Spittle 50
II.Observing Vomitus 51
Section 4 Tongue Observation 51
I.The Relation Between Tongue and Viscera 52
II.Significance of Tongue Inspection 52
III.Special Attentions on Tongue Observation 54
IV.Concrete Contents of Tongue Diagnosis 55
1 Tongue Texture 56
2 Tongue Coating 64
3 Combining Consideration of Tongue Texture and Coating 72
4 Tongue Picture in Critical Conditions 76
I.Facial Color Observation 77
Section 5 Modern Research on Observation 77
II.Eye Observation 78
III.Ear Observation 79
IV.Nose Examination 80
V.Mouth and Lip Observation 80
VI.Tongue Examination 81
VII.Hand Examination 84
VIII.Acupoint Examination 84
Chapter 3 Auscultation and Olfaction 86
Section 1 Auscultation 86
I.Voice 86
II.Speech 88
III.Respiration 89
IV.Cough 90
V.Vomiting 91
VII.Belching 92
VIII.Sigh 92
VI.Hiccup 92
IX.Sneeze 93
X.Bowel Rumbling 93
Section 2 Olfaction 94
I.Sputum and Nasal Discharge 94
II.Odor of Mouth 94
III.Sweat 94
IV.Odor of Body 95
V.Menstrual Blood and Vaginal Discharge 95
VI.Stool and Urine 95
VII.Vomit 95
VIII.Odor of Ward 95
Chapter 4 Interrogation 96
Section 1 The Purpose and Method of Interrogation 96
I.The Purpose of Interrogation 96
Section 2 The Contents of Interrogation 97
II.The Method of Interrogation 97
I.General Data 98
II.Life Style and Process 98
III.Family History and Anamnesis 100
IV.Chief Complaint 100
V.History of Present Disease 101
Chapter 5 Palpation 135
Section 1 Pulse Examination 135
I.Location for Pulse Examination 137
II.The Method of Pulse-Reading 143
III.Normal Pulse 146
IV.Morbid Pulse 149
V.Key Points for Pulse-taking and Distinguishing among Morbid Pulses 169
VI.Female Pulse and Infant Pulse 172
VII.Compound Pulse and Solitary Pulse 174
VIII.Between Pulse and Symptoms 175
Section 2 Body Palpation 178
I.Method of Body Pressing 178
II.The Main Content 179
Section 3 The Modern Research On Pulse-Reading 188
I.Objectifying of Pulse-Reading 188
II.Analysis Method of Sphygmograph 189
III.Mechanism of Pulse Formation 190
IV.Clinical Research of Pulse 190
Chapter 6 The Eight Principle Syndrome Differentiation 192
Section 1 Syndrome Differentiation on the Yin and Yang 193
I.Yin Syndrome and Yang Syndrome 193
II.Yin Deficiency and Yang Deficiency 195
III.Yang Depletion and Yin Depletion 196
IV.Yin Rebellion and Yang Rebellion 198
I.Exterior Syndrome and Interior Syndrome 199
Section 2 Syndrome Differentiation on Exterior and Interior 199
II.Syndrome of Both Exterior and Interior 201
III.Entering and Exiting 202
Section 3 Syndrome Differentiation on Cold and Heat 203
I.Cold Syndrome and Heat Syndrome 204
II.Coexistence of Cold and Heat 207
III.Inter-Transformation Between Cold and Heat 207
IV.True and False of the Cold and Heat 208
Section 4 Syndrome Differentiation on Deficiency and Excess 209
I.Deficiency and Excess Syndromes 210
II.Coexistence of Deficiency and Excess 213
III.Inter-Transformation Between Deficiency and Excess 213
IV.True and False of the Deficiency and Excess 214
Section 5 The Modern Research on the Eight Principle Syndrome Differentiation 216
Chapter 7 Etiological Syndrome Differentiation 217
Section 1 Six Evils 217
I.Wind Syndrome 218
II.Cold Syndrome 220
III.Summer-Heat Syndrome 221
IV.Dampness Syndrome 223
V.Dryness Syndrome 224
VI.Fire Syndrome 225
Section 2 Pestilential Evils 226
Section 3 Seven Emotions 228
Section 4 Improper Diet and Overwork 230
I.Food-Retention 230
II.Overwork 231
Section 5 Parasites and Surgical Trauma 232
I.Parasites 232
II.Trauma 233
I.Deficiency of Qi 234
Chapter 8 Qi, Blood and Body-Fluid Syndrome Differentiation 234
Section 1 Qi Syndrome Differentiation 234
II.Qi Sinking 235
III.Stagnation of Qi 235
IV.Rebellion of Qi 236
Section 2 Blood Syndrome Differentiation 236
I.Deficiency of Blood 237
II.Bleeding Syndrome 237
III.Blood-Heat Syndrome 238
IV.Blood Stasis Syndrome 238
V.Blood-Cold Syndrome 239
Section 3 Syndrome Differentiation of Both Qi and Blood 239
I.Qi Deficiency and Blood Stasis 239
IV.Failure of Qi to Control Blood 240
V.Qi Depletion Resulting from Hemorrhage 240
III.Deficiency of Both Qi and Blood 240
II.Qi Stagnation and Blood Stasis 240
Section 4 Syndrome Differentiation of Body Fluid 241
I.Deficiency of Body Fluid 241
II.Retention of Body Fluid 242
Section 5 Modern Research on Qi, Blood and Body-Fluid Syndrome Differentiation 246
Chapter 9 Visceral Syndrome Differentiation 248
Section 1 Syndrome Differentiation on Liver and Gallbladder 249
I.Liver Qi Stagnation and Liver Qi Transverse Invasion 252
II.Liver Fire Flaming Up (Excess Fire in the Liver and Gallbladder) 253
III.Ascending Hyperactivity of Liver Yang 254
IV.Liver Blood Deficiency 255
V.Liver Yin Deficiency 255
VI.Liver Wind Stirring Internally 256
VII.Retention of Cold in Liver Meridian 258
VIII.Liver Qi Deficiency and Liver Yang Deficiency 259
IX.Damp-Heat in Liver and Gallbladder 260
X.Gallbladder Stagnation due to Phlegm Disturbance 261
Section 2 Syndrome Differentiation on Heart and Small Intestine 263
I.Heart Qi Deficiency, Heart Yang Deficiency and Loss of Heart Yang 264
II.Heart Blood Deficiency 265
III.Heart Yin Deficiency 266
IV.Blood Stasis in Heart 266
V.Fire Blazing in Heart 268
VI.Heart Disturbed by Phlegm-Fire 268
VII.Phlegm Covering Heart Orifices 269
Section 3 Syndrome Differentiation on Spleen and Stomach 270
II.Spleen Qi Sinking 272
III.Failure of Spleen to Control Blood 273
IV.Spleen Yang Defi?ncy 274
V.Spleen Encumbered by Cold-Dampness 275
VI.Stomach Cold 276
VII.Damp-Heat in Spleen and Stomach 277
VIII.Stomach Heat 278
IX.Stomach Yin Deficiency 278
X.Spleen Yin Deficiency 279
XI.Food-Retention in Stomach 280
XII.Blood Stasis in Stomach 281
Section 4 Syndrome Differentiation on Lung and Large Intestine 281
I.Lung Qi Deficiency 282
II.Lung Yin Deficiency 283
III.Wind-Cold Attacking Lung 284
IV.Cold in Lung 284
V.Phlegm and Fluid-Retention in Lung 285
VI.Wind-Heat in Lung 286
VII.Lung Clogged with Heat 286
VIII.Dryness in Lung 287
IX.Damp-Heat in Large Intestine 288
X.Deficiency-Cold of Large Intestine 289
XI.Loss of Large Intestine Fluid 289
Section 5 Syndrome Differentiation on Kidney and Urinary Bladder 290
I.Kidney Yang Deficiency 291
II.Kidney Yin Deficiency 292
III.Kidney Essence Insufficiency 293
IV.Unconsolidation of Kidney Qi 294
V.Failure of Kidney to Receive Qi 294
VI.Damp-Heat in Urinary Bladder 296
Section 6 Syndrome Differentiation on Compound Visceral Syndromes 297
I.Qi Deficiency of Both Heart and Lung 297
II.Deficiency of Both Heart and Spleen 298
III.Blood Deficiency in Both Heart and Liver 299
IV.Yang Deficiency of Both Heart and Kidney 299
V.Disharmony Between Heart and Kidney 300
VI.Qi Deficiency of Both Lung and Spleen 301
VIII.Yin Deficiency of Both Lung and Kidney 302
VII.Aggression on Lung by Liver Fire 302
IX.Yang Deficiency of Both Spleen and Kidney 303
X.Disharmony Between Liver and Spleen 304
XI.Disharmony Between Liver and Stomach 305
XII.Liver and Kidney Yin Deficiency 306
Section 7 The Modern Research on Visceral Syndrome Differentiation 306
Chapter 10 Meridian Syndrome Differentiation 309
Section 1 Syndromes of the Twelve Regular Meridians 310
I.Syndrome of Lung Meridian of Hand-Taiyin 313
II.Syndrome of Large Intestine Meridian of Hand-Yangming 313
III.Syndrome of Stomach Meridian of Foot-Yangming 314
IV.Syndrome of Spleen Meridian of Foot-Taiyin 314
V.Syndrome of Heart Meridian of Hand-shaoyin 315
VI.Syndrome of Small Intestine Meridian of Hand-Taiyang 315
VIII.Syndrome of Kidney Meridian of Foot-shaoyin 316
VII.Syndrome of Urinary Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang 316
IX.Syndrome of Pericardium Meridian of Hand-Jueyin 317
X.Syndrome of Triple-Jiao Meridian of Hand-Shaoyang 317
XI.Syndrome of Gallbladder Meridian of Foot-Shaoyang 318
XII.Syndrome of Liver Meridian of Foot-Jueyin 318
Section 2 Syndromes of the Eight Extra Meridians 319
I.Syndrome of Du (Governor) Meridian 319
II.Syndrome of Ren (Conception) Meridian 320
III.Syndrome of Chong Meridian 321
IV.Syndrome of Dai Meridian 321
V.Syndrome of Yangwei and Yinwei Meridian 322
VI.Syndrome of Yangqiao and Yinqiao Meridian 323
Chapter 11 Syndrome Differentiation of Exogenous Diseases 328
Section 1 The Six Meridian Syndrome Differentiation 331
I.Taiyang Syndrome 332
II.Shaoyang Synjdrome 336
III.Yangming Syndrome 337
IV.Taiyin Syndrome 338
V.Shaoyin Syndrome 339
VI.Jueyin Syndrome 341
Section 2 Wei-Qi-Ying-Xue (Defence-Qi-Nutrient-Blood) Syndrome Differentiation 344
I.Wei Phase Syndrome 346
II.Qi Phase Syndrome 346
III.Ying Phase Syndrome 348
IV.Xue Phase Syndrome 349
Appendix:Modern Researches on Wei-Qi-Ying-Xue Syndrome Differentiation 350
Section 3 Triple-Jiao Syndrome Differentiation 352
I.Upper-Jiao Syndrome 353
II.Middle-Jiao Syndrome 354
III.Lower-Jiao Syndrome 355
Chapter 12 Medical Record 359
Section 1 The Attentive Items for Writing Medical Record 359
Section 2 The Content of Medical Record 360
第一章 绪论 375
第一节 中医诊断学的基本内容 375
一、诊法 375
二、辨证 376
第二节 中医诊断疾病的基本原则 377
一、整体观念 377
二、四诊合参 377
三、辨别病证 378
第三节 中医诊断学简史 378
第一节 望神色形态 382
一、望神 382
第二章 望诊 382
二、望色 384
三、望形体 387
四、望姿态 388
第二节 望局部 388
第三节 望排出物 395
第四节 望舌 395
一、舌与脏腑的关系 396
二、舌诊的临床意义 396
三、舌诊时的注意事项 397
四、舌诊的内容 397
(一)望舌质 397
(二)望舌苔 401
(三)望舌质合舌苔 404
一、面部色诊 406
(四)危重舌象 406
第五节 望诊的现代研究进展 406
二、目诊 407
三、耳诊 407
四、鼻诊 407
五、望口、唇 407
六、舌诊 408
七、手诊 409
八、穴位诊 409
第三章 闻诊 411
第一节 听声音 411
一、声音 411
二、语言 412
三、呼吸 412
七、嗳气 413
六、呃逆 413
八、太息 413
五、呕吐 413
四、咳嗽 413
九、喷嚏 414
十、肠鸣 414
第二节 嗅气味 414
一、痰与涕 414
二、口气 414
三、汗 414
四、身 414
五、经带 414
六、二便 414
七、呕吐物 415
八、病室气味 415
二、问诊的方法 416
一、问诊之目的 416
第四章 问诊 416
第一节 问诊之目的与方法 416
第二节 问诊的内容 417
一、一般情况 417
二、生活史 417
三、家族史与既往史 418
四、主症 418
五、现病史 418
第一节 脉诊 433
第五章 切诊 433
一、诊脉部位 434
二、诊脉方法 437
三、正常脉象 438
四、病脉与主病 440
五、诊脉要点与鉴别 450
六、诊妇女与小儿脉 452
八、脉与症的关系 453
七、相兼脉象与独异脉象主病 453
第二节 按诊 455
二、按诊的方法 455
二、按诊的内容 456
第三节 切诊的现代研究进展 460
一、脉诊客观化的研究 460
二、脉图分析方法的建立 460
三、脉象形成机理的研究 460
四、脉诊的临床研究 461
第六章 八纲辨证 462
第一节 阴阳辨证 462
一、阴证与阳证 462
二、阴虚证与阳虚证 463
三、亡阴与亡阳 464
一、表证与里证 465
第二节 表里辨证 465
四、阴厥与阳厥 465
二、表里同病 466
三、表里出入 467
第三节 寒热辨证 467
一、寒证与热证 468
二、寒热错杂 469
三、寒热转化 470
四、寒热真假 470
第四节 虚实辨证 471
一、虚证与实证 472
二、虚实错杂 473
三、虚实转化 473
四、虚实真假 473
第五节 八纲辨证的现代研究进展 474
第一节 六淫 476
一、风证 476
第七章 病因辨证 476
二、寒证 477
三、暑证 478
四、湿证 479
五、燥证 480
六、火证 480
第二节 疫疠 481
第三节 七情 482
第四节 饮食劳倦 483
一、食积 483
二、劳倦 484
一、虫证 485
二、外伤 485
第五节 虫证、外伤 485
第八章 气血津液辨证 486
第一节 气病辨证 486
一、气虚证 486
二、气陷证 486
三、气滞证 487
四、气逆证 487
第二节 血病辨证 488
一、血虚证 488
二、失血证 488
三、血热证 488
四、瘀血证 489
五、血寒证 489
第三节 气血同病辨证 489
四、气不摄血证 490
三、气血两虚证 490
五、气随血脱证 490
一、气虚血瘀证 490
二、气滞血瘀证 490
第四节 津液病辨证 491
一、津液不足证 491
二、津液不化证 491
第五节 气血津液辨证的现代研究进展 494
第九章 脏腑辨证 496
第一节 肝与胆病辨证 496
三、肝阳上亢证 498
一、肝气郁结与肝气横逆证 498
二、肝火上炎证 498
四、肝血虚证 499
五、肝阴虚证 499
六、肝风内动证 499
七、寒滞肝脉证 500
八、肝气虚与肝阳虚证 500
十、胆郁痰扰证 501
九、肝胆湿热证 501
第二节 心与小肠病辨证 502
一、心气虚、心阳虚与心阳暴脱证 503
二、心血虚证 503
三、心阴虚证 504
四、心血瘀阻证 504
五、心火亢盛证 505
六、痰火扰心证 505
七、痰迷心窍证 506
第三节 脾与胃病辨证 506
一、脾气虚证 507
二、脾气下陷证 507
三、脾不统血证 508
四、脾阳虚证 508
五、寒热困脾证 508
七、脾胃湿热证 509
六、胃寒证 509
九、胃阴虚证 510
十、脾阴虚证 510
八、胃热证 510
十一、食滞胃脘证 511
十二、血瘀胃脘证 511
第四节 肺与大肠病辨证 511
一、肺气虚证 512
二、肺阴虚证 512
三、风寒束肺证 512
四、寒邪客肺证 513
五、痰饮停肺证 513
六、风热犯肺证 514
七、热邪壅肺证 514
八、燥邪犯肺证 514
十一、大肠液亏证 515
第五节 肾与膀胱病辨证 515
十、大肠虚寒证 515
九、大肠湿热证 515
一、肾阳虚证 516
二、肾阴虚证 517
三、肾精不足证 517
四、肾气不固证 517
五、肾不纳气证 518
六、膀胱湿热证 518
第六节 脏腑兼病辨证 519
一、心肺气虚证 519
二、心脾两虚证 519
三、心肝血虚证 520
四、心肾阳虚证 520
五、心肾不交证 520
九、脾肾阳虚证 521
八、肺肾阴虚证 521
六、肺脾气虚证 521
七、肝火犯肺证 521
十、肝脾不调证 522
十一、肝胃不和证 522
十二、肝肾阴虚证 522
第七节 脏腑辨证的现代研究进展 523
第十章 经络辨证 525
第一节 十二经脉病证 525
第二节 奇经八脉病证 531
第十一章 外感病辨证 534
第一节 六经辨证 535
一、太阳病证 535
二、少阳病证 537
三、阳明病证 537
五、少阴病证 538
四、太阴病证 538
六、厥阴病证 539
第二节 卫气营血辨证 539
一、卫分证 540
二、气分证 540
三、营分证 541
四、血分证 541
附：卫气营血辨证的现代研究进展 542
第三节 三焦辨证 543
一、上焦病证 543
二、中焦病证 544
三、下焦病证 544
第十二章 病案 547
第一节 书写病案的注意事项 547
第二节 病案书写的内容 547