PART Ⅰ 1
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Historical Review of Communication 1
1.2 Message,Information,and Signal 2
1.3 Digital Communication 3
1.3.1 Basic Concept 3
1.3.2 Advantages of Digital Communication 4
1.3.3 Digital Communication System Model 5
1.3.4 Specifications of Digital Communication System 7
1.4 Channel 10
1.4.1 Wireless Channel 10
1.4.2 Wired Channel 15
1.4.3 Channel Models 18
1.4.4 Influence of Channel Characteristics on Signal Transmission 20
1.5 Noise in Channel 23
1.6 Brief Summary 25
Questions 25
Exercises 25
Chapter 2 Signals 27
2.1 Classification of Signals 27
2.2 Characteristics of Deterministic Signals 28
2.2.1 Characteristics in Frequency Domain 28
2.2.2 Characteristis inTime Domain 35
2.3 Characteristics of Random Signals 35
2.3.1 Probability Distribution of Random Variable 36
2.3.2 Probability Density of Random Variable 37
2.4 Examples of Frequently Used Random Variables 38
2.5 Numerical Characteristics of Random Variable 39
2.5.1 Mathematical Expectation 39
2.5.2 Variance 40
2.5.3 Moment 41
2.6 Random Process 41
2.6.1 Basic Concept of Random Process 41
2.6.2 Stationary Random Process 42
2.6.3 Ergodicity 43
2.6.4 Autocorrelation Function and Power Spectral Density of Stationary Random Process 44
2.7 Gaussian Process 49
2.8 Narrow Band Random Process 53
2.8.1 Basic Concept of Narrow Band Random Process 53
2.8.2 Characteristics of Narrow Band Random Process 53
2.9 Sinusoidal Wave plus Narrow Band Gaussian Process 55
2.10 Signal Transfer through Linear Systems 57
2.10.1 Basic Concept of Linear Systems 57
2.10.2 Deterministic Signal Transfer through Linear Systems 57
2.10.3 Random Signal Transfer through Linear Systems 61
2.11 Brief Summary 63
Questions 65
Exercises 66
Chapter 3 Analog Modulation System 68
3.1 Introduction 68
3.2 Linear Modulation 69
3.2.1 Amplitude Modulation(AM) 70
3.2.2 Double-sideband Modulation(DSB) 72
3.2.3 Single-Sideband Modulation(SSB) 72
3.2.4 Vestigial Sideband Modulation(VSB) 74
3.3 Nonlinear Modulation 75
3.3.1 Basic Principles 75
3.3.2 Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth of Modulated Signal 77
3.3.3 Reception of Angular Modulated Signal 79
3.4 Brief Summary 80
Questions 80
Exercises 81
Chapter 4 Digitization of Analog Signal 82
4.1 Introduction 82
4.2 Sampling of Analog Signal 82
4.2.1 Sampling of Low-Pass Analog signal 82
4.2.2 Sampling of Band-Pass Analog Signal 85
4.2.3 Analog Pulse Modulation 88
4.3 Quantization of Sampled Signal 88
4.3.1 Principles of Quantization 88
4.3.2 Uniform Quantization 89
4.3.3 Nonuniform Quantization 91
4.4 Pulse Code Modulation 97
4.4.1 Basic Principles of Pulse Code Modulation 97
4.4.2 Natural Binary Code and Fold Binary Code 98
4.4.3 Quantization Noise in PCM System 100
4.5 Differential Pulse Code Modulation 100
4.5.1 Principles of Differential Pulse Code Modulation 100
4.5.2 Quantization Noise and Signal to Quantization Noise Ratio in DPCM System 102
4.6 Delta Modulation 103
4.6.1 Principles of Delta Modulation 103
4.6.2 Quantization Noise in Delta Modulation System 104
4.7 Brief Summary 106
Questions 107
Exercises 107
Chapter 5 Representation and Transmission of Baseband Digital Signal 108
5.1 Introduction 108
5.2 Coding Method of Character 108
5.3 Waveform of Baseband Digital Signal 109
5.4 Symbol Code Types of Baseband Digital Signals for Transmission 111
5.5 Frequency Characteristic of Baseband Digital Signal 113
5.5.1 Calculation of Power Spectral Density of vc(t) 115
5.5.2 Calculation of Power Spectral Density of uc(t) 115
5.5.3 Calculation of Power Spectral Density of s(t) 116
5.5.4 Examples of Power Spectral Density Calculation 117
5.6 Transmission and Intersymbol Interference of Baseband Digital Signal 118
5.6.1 Model of Baseband Digital Signal Transmission System 118
5.6.2 Intersymbol Interference and Nyquist Criterion 119
5.6.3 Partial Response System 122
5.7 Eye Pattem 126
5.8 Time-domain Equalizer 128
5.8.1 Introduction 128
5.8.2 Fundamental Principle of Transversal Filter 128
5.8.3 Realization of Transversal Filter 132
5.9 Brief Summary 134
Questions 135
Exercises 135
Chapter 6 Elementary Digital Modulation System 138
6.1 Introduction 138
6.2 Binary Amplitude Shift Keying(2ASK) 140
6.2.1 Basic Principle 140
6.2.2 Power Spectral Density 140
6.2.3 Symbol Error Probability 142
6.3 Binary Frequency Shift Keying(2FSK) 147
6.3.1 Basic Principle 147
6.3.2 Power Spectral Density 149
6.3.3 Minimum Frequency Space 150
6.3.4 Symbol Error Probability 151
6.4 Binary Phase Shift Keying(2PSK) 155
6.4.1 Basic Principle 155
6.4.2 Power Spectral Density 157
6.4.3 Symbol Error Probability 158
6.5 Binary Differential Phase Shift Keying(2DPSK) 159
6.5.1 Basic Principle 159
6.5.2 Power Spectral Density 161
6.5.3 Symbol Error Probability 161
6.6 Performance Comparison of Binary Digital Keying Transmission System 164
6.7 M-ary Digital Keying 165
6.7.1 M-ary Amplitude Keying(M-ASK) 166
6.7.2 M-ary Frequency Shift Keying(M-FSK) 167
6.7.3 M-ary Phase Shift Keying(M-PSK) 171
6.7.4 M-ary Differential Phase Shift Keying(M-DPSK) 174
6.7.5 Amplitude/Phase Combination Keying(APK) 178
6.7.6 Examples of M-ary Digital Keying Practical Systems 180
6.8 Brief Summary 181
Questions 182
Exercises 183
Chapter 7 Synchronization 184
7.1 Introduction 184
7.2 Carrier Synchronization Method 185
7.2.1 Pilot Insertion Method 185
7.2.2 Direct Extraction Method 186
7.2.3 Performance of Carrier Synchronization 189
7.3 Bit Synchronization 192
7.3.1 External Synchronization 192
7.3.2 Self Synchronization 192
7.3.3 Influence of Bit Synchronization Error on Symbol Error Probability 195
7.4 Group Synchronization 196
7.4.1 Introduction 196
7.4.2 Concentrated Insertion Method 198
7.4.3 Dispersed Insertion Method 200
7.4.4 Performance of Group Synchronization 202
7.5 Network Synchronization 203
7.5.1 Introduction 203
7.5.2 Open-loop Method 204
7.5.3 Closed-Loop Method 206
7.6 Brief Summary 208
Questions 209
Exercises 210
PART Ⅱ 212
Chapter 8 Optimum Receiving of Digital Signal 212
8.1 Statistical Characteristics of Digital Signal 212
8.2 Optimum Reception Criterion of Digital Signal 214
8.3 Optimum Receiver for Deterministic Digital Signal 216
8.4 Symbol Error Probability of Optimum Receiver for Deterministic Digital Signal 218
8.5 Optimum Receiving of Random Phase Digital Signal 222
8.6 Optimum Receiving of Fluctuation Digital Signal 225
8.7 Performance Comparison of Practical Receiver and Optimum Receiver 226
8.8 Matched Filtering Receiving Principle of Digital Signal 227
8.8.1 Matched Filtering Receiving of Digital Signal 227
8.8.2 Correlation Receiving of Digital Signal 231
8.9 Optimum Baseband Transmission System 233
8.10 Brief Summary 236
Questions 237
Exercises 237
Chapter 9 Multiplexing and Multiple Access 239
9.1 Introduction 239
9.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing(FDM) 241
9.3 Time Division Multiplexing(TDM) 242
9.3.1 Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy(PDH) 244
9.3.2 Multiple Connection and Symbol Rate Justification 246
9.3.3 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy(SDH) 249
9.4 Code Division Multiplexing(CDM) 251
9.4.1 Basic Principles 251
9.4.2 Orthogonal Code 254
9.4.3 Pseudo-random Code 256
9.5 Multiple Access 261
9.5.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access(FDMA) 262
9.5.2 Time Division Multiple Access 263
9.5.3 Multiple Access Techniques for Local Area Networks 270
9.6 Brief Summary 274
Questions 274
Exercises 276
Chapter 10 Channel Coding and Error Control 278
10.1 Introduction 278
10.2 Basic Principles of Error Control Coding 281
10.3 Performance of Error Correction System 284
10.4 Parity-Check Codes 285
10.5 Linear Block Codes 287
10.6 Cyclic Codes 292
10.6.1 Concept of Cyclic Codes 292
10.6.2 Operation of Cyclic Codes 293
10.6.3 Coding of Cyclic Codes 296
10.6.4 Decoding of Cyclic Codes 297
10.6.5 Truncated Cyclic Codes 297
10.6.6 BCH Codes 298
10.6.7 RS Codes 300
10.7 Convolution Codes 300
10.7.1 Coding of Convolution Codes 301
10.7.2 Decoding of Convolution Codes 302
10.8 Turbo Codes and LDPC Codes 306
10.9 Brief Summary 309
Questions 311
Exercises 311
Chapter 11 Advanced Digital Bandpass Modulation and Demodulation 314
11.1 Introduction 314
11.2 Offset QPSK and π/4 QDPSK 314
11.2.1 Offset QPSK 314
11.2.2 π/4 QDPSK 315
11.3 Minimum Shift Keying and Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying 316
11.3.1 Basic Principles of MSK Signals 316
11.3.2 Phase Continuity of MSK Signals 317
11.3.3 Orthogonal Expression of MSK Signals 319
11.3.4 Generation and Demodulation of MSK Signals 320
11.3.5 Power Spectrum of MSK Signals 322
11.3.6 Symbol Error Probability of MSK Signals 323
11.3.7 Gaussian MSK 323
11.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 323
11.4.1 Introduction 323
11.4.2 Basic Principles of OFDM 324
11.4.3 Implementation of OFDM 327
11.5 Trellis Coded Modulation 329
11.5.1 Basic Concept of Trellis Coded Modulation 329
11.5.2 Generation of TCM Signals 330
11.5.3 Demodulation of TCM Signal 332
11.6 Spread Spectrum Modulation 333
11.6.1 Introduction 333
11.6.2 Direct-Sequence Spread Spectum 334
11.6.3 Frequency-Hopping SS 336
11.6.4 Synchronization of SS Code 337
11.6.5 Separation of Multipath 338
11.7 Brief Summary 340
Questions 340
Exercise 341
Chapter 12 Information Theory 342
12.1 Entropy of Discrete Source 342
12.2 Discrete Channel Model 343
12.3 Joint Entropy and Conditional Entropy 344
12.4 Noiseless Channel Capacity 345
12.5 Source Coding 347
12.5.1 Principles of Noiseless Channel Coding 347
12.5.2 Efficiency and Classification of Source Coding 350
12.5.3 Entropy of Extended Binary Source 351
12.5.4 Shannon-Fano Code 351
12.5.5 Huffman Code 352
12.6 Capacity of White Additive Gaussian Noise Channel 353
12.7 Brief Summary 357
Questions 357
Exercises 358
Chapter 13 Communication Networks 360
13.1 Types of Communication Networks 360
13.2 Telephone Networks 362
13.2.1 Structure of Telephone Networks 362
13.2.2 Switch in Telephone Networks 363
13.2.3 Signaling in Telephone Network 363
13.2.4 Performance of Telephone Network 365
13.3 Data Communication Networks 366
13.3.1 Introduction 366
13.3.2 Switches in Data Communication Networks 367
13.3.3 Principles of Packet Switching 368
13.3.4 Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model 370
13.3.5 Architecture of Internet 372
13.4 Integrated Services Digital Networks(ISDN) 372
13.4.1 Narrow-band Integrated Services Digital Networks(N-ISDN) 372
13.4.2 Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network(B-ISDN) 374
13.5 Vehicle Communication Network 378
13.5.1 Introduction 378
13.5.2 Cell Partition and Frequency Programming of Cellular Networks 378
13.5.3 Constitution of Cellular Networks 380
13.5.4 System of Second Generation Cellular Networks 380
13.5.5 Third Generation Cellular Networks 382
13.5.6 Satellite Vehicle Communication Networks 383
13.6 Brief Summary 384
Questions 386
Exercises 387
Chapter 14 Communication Security 388
14.1 Introduction 388
14.2 Single-key Cryptography Communication System 389
14.3 Block and Stream Ciphers 390
14.4 Information-Theoretic Approach for Cryptography 391
14.4.1 Perfect Security 392
14.4.2 Unicity Distance 393
14.4.3 Role of Data Compression in Cryptography 394
14.4.4 Diffusion and Confusion 394
14.5 Data Encryption Standard 396
14.6 Public Key Cryptography 398
14.6.1 Basic Principles 398
14.6.2 Diffie-Hellman Public Key Distribution 399
14.7 RSA algorithm 400
14.7.1 RSA Public Key Cryptographic System 400
14.7.2 Application of RSA Algorithm in Digital Signatures 401
14.8 Brief Summary 402
Questions 402
Exercises 403
Appendix A Parseval's Theorem 404
Appendix B Error function 405
Appendix C ASCII code 407
Appendix D CCITT No.5 code 408
Appendix E China Standard 7 bit code 409
Appendix F Bessel functions 409
Appendix G Galois field GF(2m) 410
Appendix H Often-Used Identities and Constants 411
Abbreviations 412
Glossary 415
References 420
Index 423