Section A-The elements 1
A1 The periodic table 1
A2 Electron configuration 6
A3 Isotopes 8
Section B-Chemical bonds and molecular shape 15
B1 Molecular orbitals 15
B2 Nature of chemical bonding 19
B3 Shapes of some small molecules 24
B4 Drawing chemical structures 28
B5 Cleavage of chemical bonds 31
Section C-Small molecules of biological importance 33
C1 Water 33
C2 Phosphoric acid and phosphates 37
Section D-Carbon,the basis for life on Earth 41
D1 Properties of carbon 41
D2 Naming organic compounds 44
E1 Isomerism 49
Section E-3D-molecular structure of organic compounds 49
E2 Stereoisomerism 56
E3 Optical activity and resolution 64
Section F-Some metals in biology 67
F1 The early transition metals 67
F2 Iron 71
F3 Magnesium and manganese 76
F4 Cobalt and molybdenum 81
Section G-Molecular interactions 87
G1 Hydrogen bonds 87
G2 Hydrophobic interactions 92
Section H-Common reaction types of carbon based compounds 97
H1 Reactive species 97
H2 Classification of organic reactions 101
H3 Factors affecting reactivity 108
Section I-Organic compounds by chemical class 113
I1 Alcohols and related compounds 113
I2 Aldehydes and ketones 118
I3 Carboxylic acids and esters 124
I4 Amines and amides 128
Section J-Aromatic compounds 133
J1 Aromaticity 133
J2 Natural aromatics 138
Section K-Chemical synthesis of biological molecules 145
K1 Peptide synthesis 145
K2 Oligonucleotide synthesis 152
Section L-Aqueous behavior 159
L1 Lowry-Bronstead acid and base 159
L2 Dissociation constants of acids and bases 162
L3 Acidity and alkalinity of aqueous solutions 165
L4 Buffers 168
L5 Solubility 174
Section M-Elementary thermodynamics 177
M1 Basic concepts 177
M2 First law of thermodynamics 179
M3 Second law of thermodynamics 183
M4 Third law of thermodynamics 186
Section N-Kinetics 189
N1 Introduction 189
N2 Determination of reaction order 193
N3 Molecularity 195
N4 Enzyme kinetics 198
N5 Catalysis and thermodynamic versus kinetic control 205
O1 The electromagnetic sPectrum 209
Section O-Spectroscopy 209
O2 Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry 212
O3 Fluorescence 217
O4 Infrared spectrophotometry 221
O5 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 225
O6 Mass spectrometry 234
Further reading 239
Index 241