Part I:Development, Structure, and Function 1
Preface 3
1.Overview of the Cardiovascular System 3
Why do we need a cardiovascular system? 3
Functions of the cardiovascular system 3
Heart and circulation 3
2.Structure and Function of the Heart 5
Organization of cardiac tissue 5
Acknowledgements 7
Dedication 9
Cellular physiology of the heart 18
The cardiac cycle 23
Electrical properties of the heart 27
Control of cardiac output 30
3.Structure and Function of the Vessels 37
Organizations of the vessels 37
Vascular endothelium and smooth muscle 50
Haemodynamics in arteries and veins 54
Capillary dynamics and transport of solutes 59
Lymph and the lymphatic system 61
4.Control of the Cardiovascular System 63
Control of blood vessels 63
Cardiovascular receptors and central control 68
Regulation of circulation in individual tissues 71
Coordinated cardiovascular responses 74
Shock and haemorrhage 79
5.The Cardiovascular System in Disease 79
Lipids and the cardiovascular system 81
Hypertension 84
Arrhythmia 87
Ischaemic heart disease 91
Heart failure 93
Therapevtic interventions in cardiovascular disease 96
Part II:Clinical Assessment 99
Taking a history 101
6.Taking a History 101
Common presenting complaints 103
7.Examination of the Patient 109
Observation of the whole body 109
The limbs 110
Peripheral arterial pulses 110
Head and neck 113
Thorax 116
Abdomen 121
8.Further Investigations 123
Investigation of cardiovascular function 123
Routine investigations 133
Imaging of the cardiovascular system 135
Part III:Basic Pathology 141
9.Pathology of the Heart 143
Congenital abnormalities of the heart 143
Lschaemic heart disease 147
Hypertensive heart disease 150
Disorders of the heart valves 151
Diseases of the myocardium 153
Neoplastic heart disease 156
Diseases of the pericardium 157
10.Pathology of the Blood Vessels 159
Congenital abnormalities of the vessels 159
Arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, and hypertension 160
Aneurysms 163
Inflammatory vascular disease 165
Neoplastic vascular disease 167
Diseases of the veins and lymphatics 168
Part IV:Self-assessment 173
Multiple-choice Questions 175
Short-answer Questions 181
Essay Questions 183
MCQ Answers 184
SAQ Answers 185
Index 189