Contents 1
Unit One 1
Text：4th Generation Management 1
Auxiliary Text（1）：The First Three Generations 8
Auxiliary Text（2）：A Behavioral Approach 12
Unit Two 17
Text：Managers and Management 17
Auxiliary Text（1）：Management Functions and Roles 22
Auxiliary Text（2）：The Universal of Manager’s Job 27
Text：The Methodology of Systems Analysis 33
Unit Three 33
Auxiliary Text（1）：A Framework for System Analysis 39
Auxiliary Text（2）：Problem Formulation 45
Unit Four 50
Text：The Sources of Invention and Innovation 50
Auxiliary Text（1）：The Importance of Technological Change 57
Auxiliary Text（2）：The Historical Evidence 62
Unit Five 66
Text：Information Systems 66
Auxiliary Text（1）：The Central Tracing Agency of the International Committee of the Red Cross 73
Auxiliary Text（2）：A Specific Example 77
Text：Applications of Expert Systems to Services 81
Unit Six 81
Auxiliary Text（1）：An Expert System Application for Decision Support in Law Enforcement 87
Auxiliary Text（2）：Global Office：A New Spin-Off of Technology 91
Unit Seven 96
Text：Project Evaluation：Benefit-Cost Analysis 96
Auxiliary Text（1）：Applying the Fundamental Rule（1） 103
Auxiliary Text（2）：Applying the Fundamental Rule（2） 108
Unit Eight 113
Text：Operation Management 113
Auxiliary Text（1）：Trends in Operation Management 120
Auxiliary Text（2）：Operations Management and the Organization 124
Text：Building the Horizontal Dimension of Organizations 130
Unit Nine 130
Auxiliary Text（1）：Building the Vertical Dimension of Organizations（1） 137
Auxiliary Text（2）：Building the Vertical Dimension of Organizations（2） 142
Unit Ten 146
Text：People Prefer to Do Business with Organizations That Communicate Well 146
Auxiliary Text（1）：Some Troublesome Misconceptions about Managerial Communication（1） 152
Auxiliary Text（2）：Some Troublesome Misconceptions about Managerial Communication（2） 157
Appendix Ⅰ Key to Exercises 161
Appendix Ⅱ Text Translations 168
Appendix Ⅲ Glossary 193