Chapter Ⅰ.Introduction 1
1-1.General Background 1
1-2.Current Structure of Court Systems 3
Chapter Ⅱ.Choosing the Proper Court 6
A.Subject-Matter Jurisdiction 6
1.In General 6
2-1.Principles Governing 6
2.Federal Jurisdiction 10
2-2.Federal Question Jurisdiction 10
2-3.Diversity of Citizenship Juris-diction 12
2-4.Amount in Controversy 15
2-5.Supplemental Jurisdiction 19
2-6.Removal Jurisdiction 25
B.Venue 27
2-7.General Principles Governing 27
2-8.Local Action Principle 30
C.Personal Jurisdiction 31
2-9.Introduction 31
1.Statutory Sources of Jurisdictional Power 34
a.State Courts 34
2-10.Types of Statutes 34
b.Federal Courts 37
2-11.General Rules Governing 37
2-12.Specialized Provisions 38
2.Standard for Asserting Personal Juris-diction 39
a.Traditional Bases 39
2-13.Sovereignty:The Territo-riality Theory 39
2-14.Intangibles and Contin-gent Obligations 43
2-15.Consent 45
b.Modern Standards 47
2-16.The In Personam Wing:Minimum Contacts,"Fair Play and Substan-tial Justice" 47
2-17.Application of Minimum Contacts Test:Some Examples 53
2-18.Minimum Contacts as Ap-plied to In Rem and Quasi In Rem Cases 59
2-19.Current Utility of the Three Jurisdictional Categories 63
2-20.Current Viability of Con-sent,Domicile and Tran-sient Jurisdiction Theo-ries 65
C.Personal Jurisdiction—Continued 67
3.Other Jurisdictional Constraints 67
2-21.Notice 67
2-22.Other Constitutional Limits 69
4.Service of Process—The Means of As-serting Jurisdiction 72
2-23.Types of Service 72
2-24.Impermissible Use of Service 74
2-25.Immunity From Process 74
D.Challenge to the Plaintiff's Selection 76
1.Direct Attack 76
2-26.Subject-Matter Jurisdiction 76
2-27.Personal Jurisdiction 76
2-28.Limited Appearances 79
2-29.Venue and Service of Process 80
2-30.Forum Non Conveniens and Transfer 81
2.Collateral Attack 84
2-31.Principles Governing 84
Chapter Ⅲ.Pretrial:Framing the Liti-gation 87
A.Pleading 87
3-1.General Theory of Pleading 87
3-2.History:Common Law Plead-ing 88
1.Plaintiff 90
3-3.The Complaint:Code Pleading 90
3-4.The Complaint:Federal("No-tice")Pleading 93
3-5.The Reply 95
2.Defendant 95
3-6.The Answer 95
3.Assuring Truthfulness in Pleading 98
A.Pleading—Continued 98
3-7.Signature and Verification Re-quirements 98
4.Challenges to the Pleadings 101
3-8.Methods of Challenging the Pleadings 101
B.Amended and Supplemental Pleadings 104
3-9.General Standards and Prac-tice 104
3-10.Statutes of Limitation:Rela-tion Back 106
C.Joinder of Parties and Claims 108
1.Party Joinder 108
3-11.Parties Who Must Be Joined 108
3-12.Real Parties in Interest and Capacitv to Sue 110
3-13.Necessary and Indispensable Parties 111
3-14.Parties Who May Be Joined 114
3-15.Proper Parties 114
3-16.Impleaded Parties(Third-Par-ty Defendants) 116
3-17.Other Additional Parties 117
3-18.Intervenors 118
2.Claim Joinder 120
3-19.Claim Joinder—In General 120
3-20.Defendant Joinder:Counter-claims and Cross-Claims 123
D.Discovery 127
1.In General 127
3-21.General Principles Governing 127
3-22.Mandatory Disclosure 130
D.Discovery—Continued 131
2.Discovery Devices:The Mechanics and Tactics 131
3-23.Depositions 131
3-24.Depositions Upon Written Questions 133
3-25.Interrogatories 134
3-26.Discovery of Documents and Things 136
3-27.Physical and Mental Examina-tions 137
3-28.Admissions 139
3-29.Objections to Discovery Re-quests 140
3-30.Protective Orders and Sanc-tions:Controlling Abuses 143
3.Specific Problems 145
3-31.Attorney Work-Product 145
3-32.Expert Witnesses 148
3-33.Insurance Agreements 149
3-34.Abuses and Proposals for Re-form 150
E.Pretrial Conference 152
3-35.In General 152
3-36.The Judge's Role 153
3-37.Pretrial Orders 156
Chapter Ⅳ.Adjudication Without Trial 157
A.Summary Judgment 157
4-1.In General 157
4-2.Grounds for Obtaining 158
4-3.Burden of Proof 159
4-4.Credibility as a Fact Issue 161
A.Summary Judgment—Continued 163
4-5.Procedure 163
B.Default Judgment 164
4-6.Types of Default 164
4-7.Procedure 165
C.Voluntary and Involuntary Dismissal 168
4-8.Voluntary Dismissals 168
4-9.Involuntary Dismissals:Fail-ure to Prosecute 169
Chapter Ⅴ.The Trial 170
A.The Process 170
5-1.A General Description 170
5-2.Rules of Evidence 171
B.Jury Trial 173
1.In General 173
5-3.The Jury—Its History,Charac-ter and Function 173
2.Scope of Jury Trial Rights 176
5-4.Sources ofJury Trial Rights 176
5-5.Constitutional Juries in Non-statutory Actions 178
5-6.Constitutional Juries in Statu-tory Actions 181
5-7.Demand Requirements 183
3.Means of Controlling the Jury 184
5-8.In General 184
5-9.Selection Process 184
5-10.Types of Verdicts 186
5-11.Impeachment of the Verdict 189
C.Trial and Post-trial Motions 192
5-12.Directed Verdicts 192
C.Trial and Post-trial Motions—Continued 194
5-13.Judgments Notwithstanding the Verdict 194
5-14.New Trial 195
5-15.Partial and Conditional New Trials 198
5-16.Combined Motions for New Trial and Judgment Not-withstanding the Verdict 200
Chapter Ⅵ.Judgments and Their Ef-fects 203
A.Relief From Judgments 203
6-1.Principles Governing 203
6-2.Grounds for Relief 205
B.Securing and Enforcing Judgments 207
6-3.How a Judgment Is Enforced 207
6-4.Securing a Judgment—Consti-tutional Limitations 209
C.The Binding Effect of Judgments 212
1.In General 212
6-5.The Nomenclature 212
6-6.General Principles Governing 214
2.Res Judicata 215
6-7.Requirements for Asserting 215
6-8.Defining a Cause of Action or Claim 218
6-9.Who Will Be Bound 223
6-10.Policies Outweighing Res Judi-cata 225
3.Collateral Estoppel 226
6-11.Requirements for Asserting 226
6-12.Mediate and Ultimate Facts 230
C.The Binding Effect of Judgments—Contin-ued 231
6-13.Who Will Be Bound 231
6-14.Limitations on Collateral Es-toppel 235
Chapter Ⅶ.Appeals 239
A.Time for Bringing an Appeal 239
1.The Final Judgment Rule 239
7-1.Final Judgment Rule 239
7-2.Specialized Rules for Multi-Claim,Multi-Party Cases 241
2.Exceptions to the Final Judgment Rule 243
7-3.Statutory Interlocutory Ap-peals Routes 243
7-4.Judicial Interlocutory Appeals Routes 245
7-5.Extraordinary Routes of Ap-peal 247
B.The Mechanics of Appeal 249
7-6.Appealable Issues 249
7-7.Standard of Review 250
Chapter Ⅷ.Specialized Multi-Party—Multi-Claim Proceedings 252
A.Class Actions 252
8-1.General Purpose and Utility of Class Actions 252
8-2.Types of Class Action Statutes 254
8-3.Jurisdiction Requirements 259
8-4.Procedural Fairness:Adequa-cy of Representation,Notice,and Binding Effect 261
A.Class Actions—Continued 265
8-5.Two Problems:Damage As-sessment and Attorney Fees 265
B.Interpleader 267
8-6.'History and General Require-ments 267
8-7.Federal Statutory and Rule In-terpleader Compared 269
8-8.Assertion of Additional Claims 271
C.Multidistrict Litigation 272
8-9.Modern Techniques for Han-dling 272
Chapter Ⅸ.Other Special Problems in Federal Litigation 275
A.Access Barriers 275
9-1.Standing,Mootness,and Justi-ciability 275
B.What Law Governs 277
9-2.The Erie Doctrine 277
9-3.Choosing Which State's Law Controls 283
9-4.Federal Common Law 285
9-5.Federal Law in State Courts 287
INDEX 289