1 Origins and overview 1
2 Test specifications 9
3 Item writing and moderation 40
4 Pretesting and analysis 73
5 The training of examiners and administrators 105
6 Monitoring examiner reliability 128
7 Reporting scores and setting pass marks 148
8 Validation 170
9 Post-test reports 197
10 Developing and improving tests 218
11 Standards in language testing:the state of the art 235
Appendices 261
Glossary 286
Abbreviations and acronyms 297
Bibliography 299
Index 305
文库索引 311