INTRODUCTION 1
1．The Difficulties of a Comparative Study 1
2．The Values of this Comparative Study 9
3．The Methods of this Comparative Study 13
4．The Structure of this Comparative Study 17
Part One HISTORY 21
Chapter One The History of Prosecutorial Systems in EuropeSection Ⅰ GeneraI Introduction 21
1．Three Major Legal Families 22
2．Three Historical Sources of the European Legal Systems 24
3．Three Types of Criminal Procedure 28
Section Ⅱ The History of the Prosecutorial System in France 34
1．The Emergence of the Public Prosecutor（—1539） 34
2．The Establishment of the Public Prosecution System（1539—1789） 38
3．Developments in the Public Prosecution System（1789—） 43
Section Ⅲ The History of the Prosecutorial System in England 53
1．The Victim Prosecutor and the Grand Jury 53
2．The Sheriff and the Justice of the Peace 59
3．The Attorney General and the Director of Public Prosecution 61
4．The Police Prosecution 64
Section Ⅳ The History of the Prosecutorial System in Old Russia and the Former Soviet Union 69
1．The Prosecutorial System Before the Revolution of 1917 69
2．The Revolution of 1917 and Developments of the Prosecutorial system in the Former Soviet Union 73
3．The Characteristics of the Prosecutorial System in the USSR 76
Chapter Two The History of the Prosecutorial System in the United States of AmericaSection Ⅰ The Origins of the Prosecutorial System in the U．S．A． 88
1．Three Viewpoints 88
2．Comments and Discussions 90
Section Ⅱ The Prosecutorial System in the Colonial Period（1600—1789） 94
1．Private Prosecution 94
2．The Emergence and Early Development of the Attorney General 95
3．The Emergence and Early Development of the 96
Local Prosecutor 96
4．The Emergence and Early Development of the Grand Jury 97
5．Two Major Trends 98
Section Ⅲ The Development of the Prosecutorial System of the United States after Independence（1789—） 100
1．Developments from the Revolution to the Civil War 100
2．Developments after the Civil War 103
Chapter Three The History of the Prosecutorial System in ChinaSection Ⅰ The Yu—Shi Institution in Feudal China（—1911 A．D．） 109
1．The Origin of the Yu—Shi Institution 109
2．The Development of the Yu—Shi Institution 113
3．The Function and Significance of the Yu—Shi Institution 118
Section Ⅱ The Prosecutorial System in the Republic of China（1911—49） 124
1．Influence of Western Legal Systems in China 124
2．The Prosecutorial System of the Republic of China（KMT） 125
3．The Prosecutorial System in Communist China before 1949 129
Section Ⅲ The Prosecutorial System in the People's Republic of China（1949—） 135
1．Establishment of the People's Prosecutorial System（1949—53） 135
2．The Period of Development；Twists and Turns in the Work of the People's Procuratorate（1954—66） 138
3．The Period of the Suspension of Procuratorial Work during the"Cultural Revolution"（1966—78） 143
4．The Period of Reconstruction and Development of the Prosecutorial System（1978—） 145
Part Two ORGANIZATION 152
Chapter Four The Organization of the Prosecutorial System in the United States and the People's RepublicSection Ⅰ The Organization of the Prosecutorial System in the U．S．A． 152
1．The Federal Prosecutorial System 153
2．The State Prosecutorial System 155
3．The Municipal Prosecutorial System 158
Section Ⅱ The Organization of the Prosecutorial System in the P．R．C． 162
1．The Supreme People's Procuratorate 163
2．The Local People's Procuratorate 164
3．The Special People's Procuratorate 166
SectionⅢ Centralization and Decentralization 169
1．Merits and Demerits of the Centralized Prosecutorial System 169
2．Merits and Demerits of the Decentralized Prosecutorial System 170
3．Comments and Suggestions 172
Chapter Five The Organization of the Prosecutor's Officein the United States and the People's RepublicSection Ⅰ The Organization of the Prosecutor's Office in the U．S．A． 178
1．Variety of the Prosecutor's Office in the U．S． 178
2．Three Examples of the Organizational Structure of the Prosecutor's Office in the U．S． 182
Section Ⅱ The Organization of the Procuratorate in the P．R．C． 188
1．The Organizational Structure of the Procuratorate 188
2．The Procuratorial Committee 193
Section Ⅲ Specialization and Generalization 196
1．Individual Leadership and Collective Leadership 196
2．Specialization and Generalization 199
Chapter Six The Personnel of the Prosecutorial System in the United States and the People's RepublicSection Ⅰ The Personnel of the Prosecutorial System in the U．S．A． 209
1．Selection of the Prosecutorial Personnel 209
2．Training of the Prosecutorial Personnel 214
Section Ⅱ The Personnel of the Prosecutorial System in the P．R．C． 218
1．Selection of the Prosecutorial Personnel 218
2．Training of the Prosecutorial Personnel 220
Section Ⅲ Professionalization of Prosecutorial Personnel 224
1．Appointed or Elected Prosecutors 224
2．Career or Temporary Prosecutors 228
3．Political Influence over Prosecutors 230
Part Three FUNCTION 241
Chapter Seven Investigation 241
Section Ⅰ The Investigative Function of the Prosecutor in the United States 241
1．The Prosecutor and the Police Investigation 242
2．The Prosecutor and the Grand Jury Investigation 248
3．The Prosecutor and the Preliminary Hearing 252
Section Ⅱ The Investigative Function of the Procurator in the People's Republic 255
1．The Function and Procedure of Investigation 256
2．Investigative Function of the Procuratorate 259
3．Investigative Supervision Function of the Procuratorate 263
Section Ⅲ Investigator and Supervisor 274
1．The Double—track Investigation and the Single—track Investigation 274
2．Preliminary Hearing and Preliminary Interrogation 278
3．Investigation by Prosecutors 280
4．Supervision of the Activities of the Investigator 282
Chapter Eight Prosecution 291
Section Ⅰ Prosecution in the United States 291
1．The Decision to Charge 291
2．Plea Bargaining 297
3．Instituting Prosecution 302
Section Ⅱ Prosecution in the People's Republic 306
1．Public Prosecution and Private Prosecution 306
2．Examination of the Case for Prosecution 308
3．The Decision to Prosecute 310
Section Ⅲ Prosecutorial Decision and Discretion 318
1．Discretion 318
2．Plea Bargaining and Confession 325
Chapter Nine Trial 335
Section Ⅰ The Prosecutorial Function in Trial in the United States 335
1．General Procedure of Trial in the U．S．A． 335
2．The Role of the Prosecutor in Trial 349
Section Ⅱ The Prosecutorial Function in Trial in the People's Republic 354
1．The Examination of a Criminal Case by the Judge 354
2．The Preparation for Trial 356
3．The Courtroom Trial Procedure 357
4．The Supervision of the Prosecutor in Trial 361
Section Ⅲ Truth and Justice 369
1．Adversary and Inquisitorial Procedure 369
2．Characteristics of the Chinese and American Trial Procedures 372
3．Supervision of the Trial 378
Conclusion and Recommendations 384
1．Administering Justice and Fighting Crime 387
2．The Individual's Right's and the Society's Interest 395
3．The Reform of the Criminal Justice System in the People's Republic of China 411
Appendix Ⅰ Bibliography 433
Appendix Ⅱ The Organic Law of the People's Procuratorates of the People's Republic of China 439
Appendix Ⅲ The Procurators Law of the People's Republic of China 449