CONTENTS 2
Proficient Writing 写作篇 2
Part Ⅱ Building Good Sentences 2
Chapter Two Essential Qualities of Sentences 2
Section 2 Some Basic Qualities of Sentences 2
1．Sentence Clarity 2
2．Sentence Unity 7
3．Sentence Coherence 9
4．Sentence Emphasis 10
5．Sentence Euphony 11
6．Sentence Strength 12
4．Being Forceful 13
Section 1 Working on Readability 13
Chapter Three Producing Effective Sentences 13
Section 2 Manipulating Syntactic Structures for Sentence Coherence 14
1．Coordinating to Relate Equal Ideas 14
2．Subordinating to Distinguish the Main Idea 16
3．Choosing Clear Connectors 19
4．Using Parallelism 20
Section 3 Emphasizing Main Ideas 24
1．Arranging Ideas Effectively 24
2．Repeating Ideas 29
3．Separating Ideas 31
4．Preferring the Active Voice to the Passive Voice 32
1．Cutting Empty Words and Phrases 33
Section 4 Being Concise 33
2．Avoiding Unnecessary Repetition 34
3．Simplifying Word Groups and Sentences 35
4．Changing Negatives into Affirmatives 36
Section 5 Achieving Variety 38
1．Varying Sentence Length and Emphasis 39
2．Varying Sentence Beginnings 40
4．Varying Simple Sentences 42
Part Ⅲ Composing Peerless Paragraphs 44
Chapter Four Essential Qualities of Paragraphs 44
Section 1 Making the Topic Clear 44
2．Putting the Topic Sentence in the Best Place 47
Section 2 Maintaining Paragraph Unity 47
Section 3 Achieving Paragraph Coherence 51
1．Organizing the Paragraph 51
2．Using Parallel Structures 51
3．Repeating and Restating Words and Word Groups 53
4．Using Pronouns as Transitions 55
5．Using Synonyms as Transitions 56
6．Being Consistent 57
7．Using Formal Transitional Expressions 59
Chapter Five Developing Effective Paragraphs 63
Section 1 Developing the Paragraph Fully 63
Section 2 Choosing a Pattern of Development 64
Section 2 Closing an Essay 67
Section 1 Opening an Essay 67
Part Ⅳ Constructing Strong Essays 67
Chapter Six Writing Special Paragraphs 67
Chapter Seven Convincing the Audience 69
Section 1 Adopting a Reasonable Tone 69
Section 2 Selecting an Appropriate Style 70
Section 3 Making Assertions Believable 71
Section 4 Supporting the Assertions 72
Section 5 Reasoning Effectively 73
Section 1 The Exclamation Point ！ 75
Section 2 The Comma， 75
Chapter Eight The Functions of Punctuations 75
Part Ⅴ Taking Advantage of Punctuations 75
Section 3 The Semicolon ； 80
Section 4 The Colon： 86
Section 6 Parentheses （） 88
Section 7 The Dash — 88
Section 8 Quotation Marks “ ”and ‘ ’ 89
Proficient Translation 翻译篇 92
第一章 词语的翻译 92
二、词类的转换 92
三、增词与省略 92
四、四字词组的翻译 94
五、直译与意译（异化与归化） 95
一、主语的翻译 97
第二章 句子的翻译 97
二、定语的翻译 99
三、状语的翻译 100
四、被动语态的翻译 101
五、正反互译 102
六、修辞重现 103
第三章 篇章的翻译 107
一、照应 107
二、衔接 108
三、以段落为语篇翻译的基础 109
五、“洋为中用”适时转换语篇模式 110
一、长句的翻译方法 112
第四章 长句的翻译 112
二、名词性从句的翻译 113
三、定语从句的翻译 114
四、状语从句的翻译 116
第五章 不同文体的翻译 118
一、法律文件的翻译 118
二、文学的翻译 119
三、旅游材料的翻译 123
四、新闻报道的翻译 126
五、会话的翻译 129
六、论文摘要的翻译 130
七、应用文的翻译 131
八、有中国特色的文章的翻译 139