Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Resurrection of metaphor 1
1.2 Metaphor and word semantics 5
1.3 The general framework of the book 8
Chapter 2 A Historical Account of Metaphor 11
2.1 The classical views 13
2.1.1 The Aristotelian school 13
2.1.2 The Platonic school 20
2.2 The 20th century views 24
2.2.1 The opposition between constructivism and nonconstructivism 27
2.2.2 Nonconstructivist views 30
2.2.3 Constructivism 35
Chapter 3 The Nature of Metaphor 50
3.1 Theoretical backgrounds 51
3.2 A critical evaluation 59
3.2.1 Problems with nonconstructivism 59
3.2.2 Problems with constructivism 62
3.2.3 Anachronism of both nonconstructivists and constructivists 64
3.3 The nature of metaphor 67
3.3.1 The dynamicness of metaphor 68
3.3.2 Metaphorization and demetaphorization 72
3.3.3 Summary 79
Chapter 4 The Mechanism of Metaphor 83
4.1 Clarification of the term 83
4.2.1 The role of similarity,analogy and transference 89
4.2 Grounds for the creation of metaphor 89
4.2.2 The role of comparison and contiguity 93
4.2.3 A brief summary 103
4.3 Metaphor and predication 104
4.4 Metaphor and culture:a comparative study 109
4.5 Conclusion 115
Chapter 5 The Functions of Metaphor 117
5.1 A panchronistic approach to the functions of metaphor 118
5.2 Metaphor and truth 124
5.2.1 The referential function of metaphor 124
5.2.2 Linguistic relativity 129
5.3.1 Metaphor and science 135
5.3 The Function and functioning of metaphor:an illustrative study 135
5.3.2 Metaphor and poetry 143
5.3.3 Metaphor and second language teaching 155
Chapter 6 The Grammatical Metaphor Theory Revisited 165
6.1 A case for grammatical metaphor 166
6.2 Elucidation of the term congruence 177
6.2.1 A defense of the implicitness 178
6.2.2 Elucidating congruence 182
6.3 On complementarity 188
Chapter 7 Summary,Conclusions and Suggested Areas for Future Researches 195
7.1 Summary 195
7.2 Conclusions 200
7.3 Suggested areas for future researches 203
Bibliography 205