TABLE OF CONTENT 1
PREFACE 1
CHAPTER ONE HISTORICAL BACK-GROUND 5
1.1 Beginning of Teacher Education in Late Qing Dynasty(1879—1911) 6
1.2 Teacher Education during the Period of the Republ icof China 14
1.3 Teacher Education in the Revolutionary Bases 30
1.4 Contemporary Development of Teacher Education(1949—1985) 42
1 Enrollments of Institute of Education(1980—1985) 46
2 Institute of Education in 1984 and 1985 46
LIST OF TABLES 46
3 Enrollments of Institutes of Education,North China Region(1985—1986) 47
4 Development of Teachers Advancement Schools(1984—1985) 47
CHAPTER TWO PRESENT STATUS 49
2.1 General Concepts 49
2.2 Institutions 50
2.3 Division of Subject-matter Areas 54
2.4 Program Duration,Cu rriculum,and Courses 56
5 Time Table for 3-Year Program of Normal School(General) 58
2.5 Financial Sources and Distribution 61
6 Distribution of Expenditure for General Colleges and Universities 64
2.6 Evaluation 65
7 Figures of Advanced Degree Awarding Units at Six Key Normal Universities in 1985 66
8 Figures of Advanced Degree Awarding Units at Six Key Comprehensive Universities 67
CHAPTER THREE PROBLE MS AND CONSTRAINTS 75
3.1 Li mited Capacity of Institutions for Higher Teacher Education 75
Middle Schools 76
3.2 Shortage of Qualified Teachers,Especially in Junior 76
9 Predicted Supply and Demand for Junior Middle School Teachers(1990) 77
10 Secondary School Teacher Shortage in Different Subjects in Selected Region s 78
11 Teacher Supply and Demand in Selected Subjects in Chongching,1984 79
3.3 Teacher Shortage in Some Subject-matter Areas,Especially in Vocational and Technical Areas 79
12 Elementary Teacher Shortage in Different Subjects in Selected Regions 80
3.4 Teacher Shortage in Border Areas and Minority Regions 81
13 Teacher Shortage in Gansu Province(1984—1990) 81
3.5 In sufficiency of In-service Teacher Education 82
14 Summary of Educational Qualifications of Elementary and Secondary School Teachers(1985) 83
15 Degree of Competence among School Teachers in Selected Regions(1985)(%) 83
3.6 Problems in Faculty Development in Institutions for Teacher Education 84
3.7 Fina ncial Constraints,Inadequate Equipment,and Poor Teaching Conditions in Institutions for Teacher Education 86
3.8 Lack of Excellent Applicants Entering Teachers Colleges.Reluctance of Teachers College Grad- 88
uates to Teach in Schools 88
3.9 Inappropriate Renaming of Institution and Impro-per Imitation of the Comprehensive UniversityPattern among the Insti tutions for Teacher Edu-cation 90
3.10 Poor Coordination between Pre-service and In-service Teacher Education 91
CHAPTER FOUR REFORMS AND CHANGES 93
4.1 Emphasis on the Importance of Teacher Educa-tion 93
4.2 Increase of Funds and Improvement of Teaching Conditions 94
4.3 Expansion and Reform of Enrollment 96
4.4 Establishment of Multi-level,Multi-pattern Net-work of In-service Teacher Education 99
4.5 Teaching Reform for Better Quality of Teacher Education 103
4.6 Development of Faculties in Institutions for Teacher Education, 107
4.7 Reform of Administration System 109
4.8 Scheme of the Future Development 110
Appendix 113
1 Selected Places and Institutions Being Investigated 115
2 Development of Institutions for Higher Teacher Edu-cation(1980—1985) 117
3 Status Quo of the Nine Largest Normal Universities(1985) 118
4 Development of Secondary Normal Schools(General and Early Childhood)（1980—1985) 119
5 Areas of Study for Higher Teacher Education(1981) 120
6 Areas of Study for Higher Teacher Education(1985) 122
7 Schedule for Teacher Education Programs(4-Year Undergraduate) 125
8 Basic Required Courses in Selected Areas for Teacher Education(4-Year Undergraduate) 126
cher Education(3-Year Professional) 132
10 Basic Specialized Courses in Selected Areas for Tea- 132
9 Schedule for Teacher Education Programs(2-3-Year Professional) 132
11 Revi sed Curriculum for 3-Year Normal School(Gen-eral),Hebei Province(1985) 135
12 Basic Required Courses in Selected Areas for In-service Teacher Education(Undergraduate) 138
13 Basic Required Courses in Selected Areas for In-service Teacher Education(Professional) 142
14 Di stribution of Expenditure at Six Key Normal Universities(1985) 145
15 Figures of Teaching Staff by Title in Institutions for Teacher Education(1984) 146
16 Figures of Teaching Staff by Educational Preparation in Institutions for Teacher Education(1984) 147
17 Figures of Full-time Teaching Staff by Age in 68 Teachers Coileges and Normal Universities(1984) 148
18 Figures of Full-time Teaching Staff by Age in Professional Teachers Colleges(1984) 149
19 Figures of Full-time Teaching Staff by Subject-matter Areas in Institutions for Higher Teacher Education(1983) 150
CHRONOLOGICAL EVENTS IN RELATION TO TEACHER EDUCATION IN CHINA(1897—1985) 153
REFERENCES 171