Chapter 1 A Brief Introduction to the Essay 1
1.1 Evidence,Idea,Essay 1
Evidence 2
Idea:Getting to the Heart of the Matter 2
Essay 4
1.2 Analysis,Interpretation,Reflection 6
Analysis 6
Interpretation＆Reflection 7
Chapter 2 Analysis 9
2.1 The Nature of Analysis 10
2.2 Determining a Basis for Breakdown 10
2.3 Objectivity and Claims 11
2.4 Interpretation 12
2.5 Analysis and the Other Patterns of Inquiry 13
2.6 Analysis with a Purpose 14
2.7 Samples of Reading,Thinking＆Writing 14
Text A from The Road from Coorain 14
Text B Neighborly Vultures 16
Text C Living Like Weasels 18
Text D The Bird of Paradise:The Hunter and the Poet 23
Chapter 3 Description 31
3.1 The Nature of Description 32
3.2 Creating a Lasting Impression by Selecting Details 32
3.3 Organizing Details 34
3.4 Using Figurative Language 34
3.5 Description with a Purpose 36
3.6 Description and the Other Patterns of Inquiry 37
3.7 Samples of Reading,Thinking＆Writing 38
Text A from Moments of Being(1) 38
Text B from Moments of Being(2) 40
Text C The Seam of the Snail 41
Text D Love Sick 46
Chapter 4 Narration 53
4.1 The Nature of Narration 54
4.2 Sequence,Causality,and Effect 54
4.3 Defining Events 55
4.4 Selecting Events and Details 56
4.5 Moment in Time 58
4.6 The Narrator 58
4.7 Narration with a Purpose 61
4.8 Samples of Reading,Thinking＆Writing 61
Text A from A Storm,the Cornfield,and Elk 61
Text B from Once More to the Lake 63
Text C Wolf Hunt 65
Text D Beauty:When the Other Dancer Is the Self 68
Chapter 5 Illustration 79
5.1 The Nature of Illustration 80
5.2 The Meaning of Illustration 81
5.3 How Illuatration Works:Inductive and Deductive Thinking 82
5.4 Using Illustration in Writing 83
5.5 Illustration with a Purpose 85
5.6 Selecting Examples 86
5.7 Illustration and the Other Pattenrns of Inquiry 86
5.8 Samples of Reading,Thinking＆Writing 87
Text A from The Design of Everyday Things(1) 87
Text B from The Design of Everyday Things(2) 88
Text C from Writing Down the Bones 90
Text D English Is a Crazy Language 93
Chapter 6 Classification 99
6.1 The Nature of Classification 100
6.2 Selecting a Principle of Classification 101
6.3 Classification with a Purpose 102
6.4 Using Classification in Writing 106
6.5 Samples of Reading,Thinking＆Writing 107
Text A from Invitation to Psychology 107
Text B from The Gift of Good Land 109
Text C The Best of Enemies? 111
Text D Mother Tongue 115
Chapter 7 Comparison and Contrast 123
7.1 The Nature of Comparison and Contrast 124
7.2 Comparison and Contrast with a Purpose 124
7.3 Establishing a Basis for Comparison and Contrast 124
7.4 Block Structure 126
7.5 Alternating Structure 128
7.6 A Special Case of Comparison:Analogy 130
7.7 Samples of Reading,Thinking＆Writing 131
Text A from Emotional Intelligence 131
Text B Forty Ways to Look at Winston Churchill 133
Text C Athens and Sparta 135
Text D The Cosmic Calendar 138
Chapter 8 Cause and Effect 145
8.1 The Nature of Cause and Effect 146
8.2 Multiple Causes 147
8.3 Interactive Causes 147
8.4 Speculating about Effects 148
8.5 Using Cause and Effect in Writing 149
8.6 Cause and Effect with a Purpose 152
8.7 Cause and Effect and the Other Pattern of Inquiry 153
8.8 Samples of Reading，Thinking＆Writing 153
Text A from Complications 153
Text B from Cleopatra's Nose 155
Text C The Double-Edged Ax of American Technology 156
Text D America and the Coffee Bean 161
Chapter 9 Process Analysis 165
9.1 The Nature of Process Analysis 166
9.2 Breaking Things Down Into Steps 166
9.3 Using Process Analysis in Writing 168
9.4 Process Analysis with a Purpose 171
9.5 Process Analysis and the Other Patterns of Inquiry 172
9.6 Samples of Reading,Thinking＆Writing 172
Text A from Tender at the Bone 172
Text B from Sociology 173
Text C How to Put Off Doing a Job 175
Chapter 10 Definition 179
10.1 The Nature of Definition 180
10.2 Denotation and Connotation 181
10.3 Using Definiton in Writing 182
10.4 Ways to Define 182
10.5 Definition with a Purose 187
10.6 Definition and the Other Patterns of Inquiry 189
10.7 Samples of Reading,Thinking＆Writing 189
Text A Scientific Concept 189
Text B Psychological/Religious Concept 191
Text C All Living Things Are Critics 194
Text D Criticism 197
Chapter 11 Argument 205
11.1 The Nature of Argument 206
11.2 Using Argument in Writing 207
11.3 Leading to a Conclusion 207
ll.4 Evidence 209
11.5 Logos,Ethos,Pathos 210
11.6 Fallacies 214
11.7 Samples of Reading,Thinking＆Writing 217
Text A from Politics and the English Language 217
Text B from"Let's Go to the Tape" 218
Text C Have the Guts To Accept Gay Soldiers 220
Text D Declaration of Independence 223
Chapter 12 The Patterns in Their Natural Habitat 231
Text A Transfigurations 232
Text B Yes 236
Text C A Well-Regulated Militia 243
Text D Salvation 250
Text E I Have a Dream 254
Text F Reading the River 260
Appendix Finding Evidence and Documenting Sources 265
References 281