Chapter 1．Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Layering 1
1.3 TCP/IP Layering 6
1.4 Internet Addresses 7
1.5 The Domain Name System 9
1.6 Encapsulation 9
1.7 Demultiplexing 11
1.8 Client-Server Model 12
1.9 Port Numbers 12
1.10 Standardization Process 14
1.11 RFCs 14
1.12 Standard,Simple Services 15
1.13 The Internet 16
1.14 Implementations 16
1.15 Application Programming Interfaces 17
1.16 Test Network 18
1.17 Summary 19
Chapter 2．Link Layer 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Ethernet and IEEE 802 Encapsulation 21
2.3 Trailer Encapsulation 23
2.4 SLIP:Serial Line IP 24
2.5 Compressed SLIP 25
2.6 PPP:Point-to-Point Protocol 26
2.7 Loopback Interface 28
2.8 MTU 29
2.9 Path MTU 30
2.10 Serial Line Throughput Calculations 30
2.11 Summary 31
Chapter 3．IP:Internet Protocol 33
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 IP Header 34
3.3 IP Routing 37
3.4 Subnet Addressing 42
3.5 Subnet Mask 43
3.6 Special Case IP Addresses 45
3.7 A Subnet Example 46
3.8 ifconfig Command 47
3.9 netstat Command 49
3.10 IP Futures 49
3.11 Summary 50
Chapter 4．ARP:Address Resolution Protocol 53
4.1 Introduction 53
4.2 An Example 54
4.3 ARP Cache 56
4.4 ARP Packet Format 56
4.5 ARP Examples 57
4.6 Proxy ARP 60
4.7 Gratuitous ARP 62
4.8 arp Command 63
4.9 Summary 63
Chapter 5．RARP:Reverse Address Resolution Protocol 65
5.1 Introduction 65
5.2 RARP Packet Format 65
5.3 RARP Examples 66
5.4 RARP Server Design 67
5.5 Summary 68
Chapter 6．ICMP:Internet Control Message Protocol 69
6.1 Introduction 69
6.2 ICMP Message Types 70
6.3 ICMP Address Mask Request and Reply 72
6.4 ICMP Timestamp Request and Reply 74
6.5 ICMP Port Unreachable Error 77
6.6 4.4BSD Processing of ICMP Messages 81
6.7 Summary 83
Chapter 7．Ping Program 85
7.1 Introduction 85
7.2 Ping Program 85
7.3 IP Record Route Option 91
7.4 IP Timestamp Option 95
7.5 Summary 96
Chapter 8．Traceroute Program 97
8.1 Introduction 97
8.2 Traceroute Program Operation 97
8.3 LAN Output 99
8.4 WAN Output 102
8.5 IP Source Routing Option 104
8.6 Summary 109
Chapter 9．IP Routing 111
9.1 Introduction 111
9.2 Routing Principles 112
9.3 ICMP Host and Network Unreachable Errors 117
9.4 To Forward or Not to Forward 119
9.5 ICMP Redirect Errors 119
9.6 ICMP Router Discovery Messages 123
9.7 Summary 125
Chapter 10．Dynamic Routing Protocols 127
10.1 Introduction 127
10.2 Dynamic Routing 127
10.3 Unix Routing Daemons 128
10.4 RIP:Routing Information Protocol 129
10.5 RIP Version 2 136
10.6 OSPF:Open Shortest Path First 137
10.7 BGP:Border Gateway Protocol 138
10.8 CIDR:Classless Interdomain Routing 140
10.9 Summary 141
Chapter 11．UDP:User Datagram Protocol 143
11.1 Introduction 143
11.2 UDP Header 144
11.3 UDP Checksum 144
11.4 A Simple Example 147
11.5 IP Fragmentation 148
11.6 ICMP Unreachable Error(Fragmentation Required) 151
11.7 Determining the Path MTU Using Traceroute 153
11.8 Path MTU Discovery with UDP 155
11.9 Interaction Between UDP and ARP 157
11.10 Maximum UDP Datagram Size 159
11.11 ICMP Source Quench Error 160
11.12 UDP Server Design 162
11.13 Summary 167
Chapter 12．Broadcasting and Multicasting 169
12.1 Introduction 169
12.2 Broadcasting 171
12.3 Broadcasting Examples 172
12.4 Multicasting 175
12.5 Summary 178
Chapter 13．IGMP:Internet Group Management Protocol 179
13.1 Introduction 179
13.2 IGMP Message 180
13.3 IGMP Protocol 180
13.4 An Example 183
13.5 Summary 186
Chapter 14．DNS:The Domain Name System 187
14.1 Introduction 187
14.2 DNS Basics 188
14.3 DNS Message Format 191
14.4 A Simple Example 194
14.5 Pointer Queries 198
14.6 Resource Records 201
14.7 Caching 203
14.8 UDP or TCP 206
14.9 Another Example 206
14.10 Summary 208
Chapter 15．TFTP:Trivial File Transfer Protocol 209
15.1 Introduction 209
15.2 Protocol 209
15.3 An Example 211
15.4 Security 213
15.5 Summary 213
Chapter 16．BOOTP:Bootstrap Protocol 215
16.1 Introduction 215
16.2 BOOTP Packet Format 215
16.3 An Example 218
16.4 BOOTP Server Design 219
16.5 BOOTP Through a Router 220
16.6 Vendor-Specific Information 221
16.7 Summary 222
Chapter 17．TCP:Transmission Control Protocol 223
17.1 Introduction 223
17.2 TCP Services 223
17.3 TCP Header 225
17.4 Summary 227
Chapter 18．TCP Connection Establishment and Termination 229
18.1 Introduction 229
18.2 Connection Establishment and Termination 229
18.3 Timeout of Connection Establishment 235
18.4 Maximum Segment Size 236
18.5 TCP Half-Close 238
18.6 TCP State Transition Diagram 240
18.7 Reset Segments 246
18.8 Simultaneous Open 250
18.9 Simultaneous Close 252
18.10 TCP Options 253
18.11 TCP Server Design 254
18.12 Summary 260
Chapter 19．TCP Interactive Data Flow 263
19.1 Introduction 263
19.2 Interactive Input 263
19.3 Delayed Acknowledgments 265
19.4 Nagle Algorithm 267
19.5 Window Size Advertisements 274
19.6 Summary 274
Chapter 20．TCP Bulk Data Flow 275
20.1 Introduction 275
20.2 Normal Data Flow 275
20.3 Sliding Windows 280
20.4 Window Size 282
20.5 PUSH Flag 284
20.6 Slow Start 285
20.7 Bulk Data Throughput 286
20.8 Urgent Mode 292
20.9 Summary 296
Chapter 21．TCP Timeout and Retransmission 297
21.1 Introduction 297
21.2 Simple Timeout and Retransmission Example 298
21.3 Round-Trip Time Measurement 299
21.4 An RTT Example 301
21.5 Congestion Example 306
21.6 Congestion Avoidance Algorithm 310
21.7 Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery Algorithms 312
21.8 Congestion Example(Continued) 313
21.9 Per-Route Metrics 316
21.10 ICMP Errors 317
21.11 Repacketization 320
21.12 Summary 321
Chapter 22．TCP Persist Timer 323
22.1 Introduction 323
22.2 An Example 323
22.3 Silly Window Syndrome 325
22.4 Summary 330
Chapter 23．TCP Keepalive Timer 331
23.1 Introduction 331
23.2 Description 332
23.3 Keepalive Examples 333
23.4 Summary 337
Chapter 24．TCP Futures and Performance 339
24.1 Introduction 339
24.2 Path MTU Discovery 340
24.3 Long Fat Pipes 344
24.4 Window Scale Option 347
24.5 Timestamp Option 349
24.6 PAWS:Protection Against Wrapped Sequence Numbers 351
24.7 T/TCP:A TCP Extension for Transactions 351
24.8 TCP Performance 354
24.9 Summary 356
Chapter 25．SNMP:Simple Network Management Protocol 359
25.1 Introduction 359
25.2 Protocol 360
25.3 Structure of Management Information 363
25.4 Object Identifiers 364
25.5 Introduction to the Management Information Base 365
25.6 Instance Identification 367
25.7 Simple Examples 370
25.8 Management Information Base(Continued) 372
25.9 Additional Examples 382
25.10 Traps 385
25.11 ASN.1 and BER 386
25.12 SNMP Version 2 387
25.13 Summary 388
Chapter 26．Telnet and Rlogin:Remote Login 389
26.1 Introduction 389
26.2 Rlogin Protocol 391
26.3 Rlogin Examples 396
26.4 Telnet Protocol 401
26.5 Telnet Examples 406
26.6 Summary 417
Chapter 27．FTP:File Transfer Protocol 419
27.1 Introduction 419
27.2 FTP Protocol 419
27.3 FTP Examples 426
27.4 Summary 439
Chapter 28．SMTP:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 441
28.1 Introduction 441
28.2 SMTP Protocol 442
28.3 SMTP Examples 448
28.4 SMTP Futures 452
28.5 Summary 459
Chapter 29．NFS:Network File System 461
29.1 Introduction 461
29.2 Sun Remote Procedure Call 461
29.3 XDR:External Data Representation 465
29.4 Port Mapper 465
29.5 NFS Protocol 467
29.6 NFS Examples 474
29.7 NFS Version 3 479
29.8 Summary 480
Chapter 30．Other TCP/IP Applications 481
30.1 Introduction 481
30.2 Finger Protocol 481
30.3 Whois Protocol 483
30.4 Archie,WAIS,Gopher,Veronica,and WWW 484
30.5 X Window System 486
30.6 Summary 490
Appendix A．The tcpdump Program 491
A.1 BSD Packet Filter 491
A.2 SunOS Network Interface Tap 493
A.3 SVR4 Data Link Provider Interface 494
A.4 tcpdump Output 495
A.5 Security Considerations 496
A.6 Socket Debug Option 496
Appendix B．Computer Clocks 499
Appendix C．The sock Program 503
Appendix D．Solutions to Selected Exercises 507
Appendix E．Configurable Options 525
E.1 BSD/386 Version 1.0 526
E.2 SunOS 4.1.3 527
E.3 System V Release 4 529
E.4 Solaris 2.2 529
E.5 AIX 3.2.2 536
E.6 4.4BSD 537
Appendix F．Source Code Availability 539
Bibliography 543
Index 555