总论 1
1 宁夏回族自治区的自然地理概况 1
2 宁夏蚧虫的危害状况 1
3 宁夏蚧虫的危害特点 2
4 宁夏蚧虫成灾原因分析 3
5 蚧虫的形态和分类 4
5.1 蚧虫的基本形态特征 4
5.1.1 雌成虫 4
5.1.2 雄成虫 5
5.2 蚧虫的分类 5
6 蚧虫的生物学特性 5
7 蚧虫的综合防治方法 6
7.1 植物检疫 7
7.2 营林措施 7
7.3 生物防治 7
7.3.1 利用天敌防治蚧虫的优越性 7
7.3.2 生物防治的有效途径 7
7.4 物理机械防治 8
7.5 化学防治 8
各论 宁夏蚧虫种类记述 10
1 旌蚧科Ortheziidae 10
1.1 旌蚧属Orthezia Bosc d'Antic 10
1.1.1 荨麻旌蚧Orthezia urticae(Linnaeus) 10
2 绵蚧科Monophlebidae 11
2.1 履绵蚧属Drosicha Walker 11
2.1.1 日本履绵蚧Drosicha corpulenta(Kuwana) 12
2.2 吹绵蚧属Icerya Signoret 13
2.2.1 吹绵蚧Icerya purchasi Maskell 13
3 珠蚧科Margarodidae 15
3.1 松干蚧属Matsucoccus Cockerell 15
3.1.1 红松松干蚧Matsucoccus liaoningensis Tang 15
3.2 新珠蚧属Neomargarodes Green 16
3.2.1 野菊新珠蚧Neomargarodes chondrillae Archangelskaya 17
3.3 胭珠蚧属Porphyrophora Brandt & Ratzeburg 18
3.3.1 甘草胭珠蚧Porphyrophora sophorae(Archangelskaya) 18
3.3.2 乌苏里胭珠蚧Porphyrophora ussuriensis Borchsenius 19
4 粉蚧科Pseudococcidae 20
4.1 配粉蚧属Allotrionymus Takahashi 23
4.1.1 多孔配粉蚧Allotrionymus multipori Kawai 23
4.2 安粉蚧属Antonina Signoret 24
4.2.1 远东安粉蚧Antonina tesquorum Danzig 24
4.3 黑粉蚧属Atrococcus Goux 25
4.3.1 蓍草黑粉蚧Atrococcus achilleae(Kiritshenko) 26
4.3.2 内蒙黑粉蚧Atrococcus innermangolicus Tang 27
4.3.3 太平洋黑粉蚧Atrococcus pacificus(Borchsenius) 28
4.3.4 草地黑粉蚧Atrococcus paludinus(Green) 29
4.4 雪粉蚧属Ceroputo Sulc 30
4.4.1 古北雪粉蚧Ceroputo pilosellae Sulc 30
4.5 鞘粉蚧属Chaetococcus Maskell 32
4.5.1 吐伦鞘粉蚧Chaetococcus turanicus Borchsenius 32
4.6 隹粉蚧属Chnaurococcus Ferris 33
4.6.1 蒙古隹粉蚧Chnaurococcus mongolicus(Danzig) 33
4.7 巧粉蚧属Chorizococcus McKenzie 34
4.7.1 鸦葱巧粉蚧Chorizococcus scorzonerae Tang 34
4.8 盘粉蚧属Coccura Sulc 35
4.8.1 西欧盘粉蚧Coccura comari(Kunow) 36
4.8.2 远东盘粉蚧Coccura convexa Borchsenius 37
4.9 皑粉蚧属Crisicoccus Ferris 38
4.9.1 贺兰皑粉蚧Crisicoccus helanensis Wu 38
4.10 灰粉蚧属Dysmicoccus Ferris 39
4.10.1 中亚灰粉蚧Dysmicoccus multivorus(Kiritshenko) 40
4.11 草粉蚧属Fonscolombia Lichtenstein 41
4.11.1 宁夏草粉蚧,新种Fonscolombia ningxiana Wu,sp.nov 41
4.11.2 蒙古草粉蚧Fonscolombia tshadaevae(Danzig) 42
4.12 胶粉蚧属Glycycnyza Danzig(中国新记录) 43
4.12.1 胡杨胶粉蚧Glycycnyza turangicola Danzig(中国新记录) 43
4.13 星粉蚧属Heliococcus Sulc 44
4.13.1 旧北星粉蚧Heliococcus bohemicus Sulc 44
4.13.2 巴氏星粉蚧Heliococcus pavlovskii Borchsenius et Tereznikova 45
4.13.3 侵若星粉蚧Heliococcus pamirensis Bazarov 46
4.13.4 蒙古星粉蚧Heliococcus tesquorum Borchsenius 47
4.14 壤粉蚧属Humococcus Ferris 48
4.14.1 东方壤粉蚧Humococcus orientalis(Borchsenius) 49
4.15 长粉蚧属Longicoccus Danzig 50
4.15.1 冰草长粉蚧,新种Longicoccus agropyri Wu,sp.nov 50
4.15.2 赖草长粉蚧Longicoccus leymicola(Tang)新组合n.comb 51
4.16 藜粉蚧属Metadenopsis Matesova(中国新记录) 52
4.16.1 琐琐藜粉蚧Metadenopsis ceratocarpi Matesova(中国新记录) 52
4.17 美粉蚧属Metadenopus Sulc 53
4.17.1 羊茅美粉蚧Metadenopus festucae Sulc 53
4.18 小粉蚧属Mirococcopsis Borchsenius 54
4.18.1 中国小粉蚧Mirococcopsis chinensis Tang 54
4.19 新粉蚧属Neotrionymus Borchsenius 55
4.19.1 芦苇新粉蚧Neotrionymus monstatus Borchsenius 56
4.20 堆粉蚧属Nipaecoccus Sulc 57
4.20.1 枸杞堆粉蚧Nipaecoccus lycii Tang 57
4.21 品粉蚧属Peliococcus Borchsenius 58
4.21.1 艾草品粉蚧Peliococcus chersonensis(Kiritshenko) 58
4.21.2 枸杞品粉蚧Peliococcus lycicola Tang 60
4.22 绵粉蚧属Phenacoccus Cockerell 61
4.22.1 无管绵粉蚧Phenacoccus atubulatus Wu 61
4.22.2 野麦绵粉蚧Phenacoccus bazarovi Ben-Dov 62
4.22.3 额济绵粉蚧Phenacoccus ejinensis Tang 63
4.22.4 古北绵粉蚧Phenacoccus interruptus Green 64
4.22.5 拟芬绵粉蚧Phenacoccus phencoccoides(Kiritshenko) 65
4.22.6 远东绵粉蚧Phenacoccus poriferus Borchsenius 66
4.22.7 苹果绵粉蚧Phenacoccus transcaucasicus Hadzibejli 67
4.23 臀纹粉蚧属Planococcus Ferris 68
4.23.1 柑橘臀纹粉蚧Planococcus citri(Risso) 69
4.24 粉蚧属Pseudococcus Westwood 70
4.24.1 康氏粉蚧Pseudococcus comstocki(Kuwana) 71
4.24.2 柑橘棘粉蚧Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel 72
4.24.3 拟葡萄粉蚧Pseudococcus viburni(Signoret) 73
4.25 土粉蚧属Ripersiella Tinsley 74
4.25.1 贺兰土粉蚧Ripersiellahelanensis Tang 75
4.26 蔗粉蚧属Saccharicoccus Ferris 75
4.26.1 旧北蔗粉蚧Saccharicoccus penium Williams 76
4.27 匹粉蚧属Spilococcus Ferris 77
4.27.1 艾蒿匹粉蚧Spilococcus artemsiphilus(Tang) 77
4.27.2 内蒙古匹粉蚧Spilococcus innermongolicus Tang 78
4.28 刺粉蚧属Spinococcus Kiritshenko 79
4.28.1 多管刺粉蚧Spinococcus multitubulatus(Danzig)(中国新记录) 79
4.29 脐粉蚧属Tridiscus Ferris 81
4.29.1 醉马草脐粉蚧Tridiscus achnatherum Wu 81
4.30 条粉蚧属Trionymus Berg 82
4.30.1 黑麦条粉蚧Trionymus aberrans Goux 82
4.30.2 孤独条粉蚧Trionymus singulars Schmutterer 83
5 毡蚧科Eriococcidae 84
5.1 白毡蚧属Asiacornococcus Tang et Hao 85
5.1.1 柿树白毡蚧Asiacornococcus kaki(Kuwana) 86
5.2 毡蚧属Eriococcus Targioni-Tozzetti 87
5.2.1 槭毡蚧Eriococcus acericola Tang et Hao 87
5.2.2 山杏毡蚧Eriococcus armeniacus Tang et Hao 88
5.2.3 杜梨毡蚧 Eriococcus betulae foliae Tang et Hao 89
5.2.4 鲍氏毡蚧Eriococcus borchsenii(Danzig) 90
5.2.5 长刺毡蚧Eriococcus cingulatus Kiritshenko 91
5.2.6 石榴囊毡蚧Eriococcus lagerostroemiae Kuwana 92
5.2.7 缘边囊毡蚧Eriococcus marginalis(Borchsenius) 94
5.2.8 小型毡蚧Eriococcus minimus(Tang) 95
5.2.9 多刺毡蚧Eriococcus multispinatus(Tang et Hao) 96
5.2.10 宁夏毡蚧Eriococcus ningxianensis Tang et Hao 97
5.2.11 柳树干毡蚧Eriococcus salicis Borchsenius 97
5.2.12 霸王毡蚧Eriococcus zygophylli Archangelskaya 99
6 链蚧科Asterolecaniidae 100
6.1 竹链蚧属Bambusaspis Cockerell 100
6.1.1 广布竹链蚧Bambusaspis bambusae(Boisduval) 101
7 仁蚧科Aclerdidae 102
7.1 日仁蚧属Nipponaclerda McConnell 102
7.1.1 芦苇日仁蚧Nipponaclerda biwakoensis(Kuwana) 102
8 蚧科Coccidae 103
8.1 蜡蚧属Ceroplastes Gray 105
8.1.1 日本龟蜡蚧Ceroplastes japonicus Green 105
8.2 蚧属Coccus Linnaeus 107
8.2.1 褐软蚧Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus 107
8.3 绿棉蚧属Chloropulvinaria Borchsenius 108
8.3.1 柑橘绿棉蚧Chloropulvinaria aurantii(Cockerell) 109
8.3.2 多角绿棉蚧Chloropulvinaria polygonata(Cockerell) 110
8.4 毛球蚧属Didesmococcus Borchsenius 111
8.4.1 朝鲜毛球蚧Didesmococcus koreanus Borchsenius 111
8.5 绒茧蚧属Eriopeltis Signoret 112
8.5.1 羊毛绒茧蚧Eriopeltis festucae(Fonscolombe) 113
8.6 球坚蚧属Eulecanium Cockerell 114
8.6.1 白桦球坚蚧Eulecanium douglasi(Sulc) 114
8.6.2 瘤大球坚蚧Eulecanium gigantea(Shinji) 115
8.6.3 榆皱球坚蚧Eulecanium kostylevi Borchsenius 117
8.6.4 皱大球坚蚧Eulecanium kuwanai(Kanda) 118
8.7 坚蚧属Parthenolecanium Sulc 119
8.7.1 水木坚蚧Parthenolecanium corni(Bouche) 120
8.7.2 桃坚蚧Parthenolecanium persicae(Fabricius) 121
8.8 棉蚧属Pulvinaria Targioni-Tozzetti 122
8.8.1 葡萄棉蚧Pulvinaria vitis(Linnaeus) 123
8.9 褐球蚧属Rhodococcus Borchsenius 124
8.9.1 朝鲜褐球蚧Rhodococcus sariuoni Borchsenius 125
8.9.2 吐伦褐球蚧Rhodococcus turanicus Archangelskaya 126
8.10 盔蚧属Saissetia Deplanches 127
8.10.1 咖啡黑盔蚧Saissetia coffeae(Walker) 127
8.10.2 橄榄盔蚧Saissetia oleae(Oliver) 128
8.11 马头蚧属Scythia Kiritshenko 130
8.11.1 中华马头蚧Scythia sinensis Wu 130
8.12 纽棉蚧属Takahashia Cockerell 131
8.12.1 日本纽棉蚧Takahashia japonica Cockerell 131
9 盾蚧科Diaspididae 132
9.1 黯圆盾蚧属Abgrallaspis Balachowsky 136
9.1.1 灰黯圆盾蚧Abgrallaspis cyanophylli(Signoret) 136
9.2 圆盾蚧属Aspidiotus Bouche 138
9.2.1 透明圆盾蚧Aspidiotus destructor Signoret 138
9.2.2 常春藤圆盾蚧Aspidiotus nerii Bouche 139
9.3 白轮盾蚧属Aulacaspis Cockerell 141
9.3.1 大缺白轮盾蚧Aulacaspis amamiana Takagi 142
9.3.2 珠兰白轮盾蚧Aulacaspis crawii(Cockerell) 142
9.3.3 胡颓子白轮盾蚧Aulacaspis difficillis(Cockerell) 144
9.3.4 蔷薇白轮盾蚧Aulacaspis rosae(Bouche) 145
9.3.5 月季白轮盾蚧Aulacaspis rosarum Borchsenius 146
9.4 雪盾蚧属Chionaspis Signoret 147
9.4.1 柽柳雪盾蚧Chionaspis etrusca Leonardi 148
9.4.2 细腺雪盾蚧Chionaspis micropori Marl 149
9.4.3 孟雪盾蚧Chionaspis montana Borchsenius 150
9.4.4 拟孟雪盾蚧Chionaspis montanoides Tang et Li 151
9.4.5 多腺雪盾蚧Chionaspis polypora Borchsenius 152
9.4.6 乌柳雪盾蚧Chionaspis salicis-nigrae(Walsh) 152
9.4.7 柳雪盾蚧Chionaspis salicis(Linnaeus) 153
9.5 褐圆盾蚧属Chrysomphalus Ashmead 155
9.5.1 黑褐圆盾蚧Chrysomphalus aonidum(Linnaeus) 155
9.6 灰圆盾蚧属Diaspidiotus Berlese 157
9.6.1 沙枣灰圆盾蚧Diaspidiotus elaeagni(Borchsenius) 157
9.7 盾蚧属Diaspis Costa 158
9.7.1 仙人掌白盾蚧Diaspis echinocacti(Bouche) 159
9.8 蜕盾蚧属Fiorinia Targioni-Tozzetti 160
9.8.1 少腺蜕盾蚧Fiorinia fioriniae(Targioni-Tozzetti) 161
9.9 栉圆盾蚧属Hemiberlesia Cockerell 162
9.9.1 棕榈栉圆盾蚧Hemiberlesia lataniae(Signoret) 162
9.10 蛎盾蚧属Lepidosaphes Shimer 164
9.10.1 紫疤蛎盾蚧Lepidosaphes beckii(Newman) 164
9.10.2 茶蛎盾蚧Lepidosaphes camelliae Hoke 165
9.10.3 梅蛎盾蚧Lepidosaphes conchiformis Gmelin 166
9.10.4 苏铁疤蛎盾蚧Lepidosaphes cycadicola(Kuwana) 169
9.10.5 葛氏蛎盾蚧Lepidosaphes gloverii(Packard) 170
9.10.6 杉蛎盾蚧Lepidosaphes pini(Maskell) 172
9.10.7 柳蛎盾蚧Lepidosaphes salicina Borchsenius 173
9.10.8 沙棘蛎盾蚧Lepidosaphes turanica Archangelskaya 174
9.10.9 榆蛎盾蚧Lepidosaphes ulmi(Linnaeus) 175
9.10.10 杨蛎盾蚧Lepidosaphes yanagicola Kuwana 177
9.11 长白盾蚧属Lopholeucaspis Balachowsky 179
9.11.1 日本长白盾蚧Lopholeucaspis japonica(Cockerell) 179
9.12 绵盾蚧属Odonaspis Leonardi 181
9.12.1 格氏绵盾蚧Odonaspis greenii Cockerell 181
9.13 粕片盾蚧属Parlagena McKenzie 182
9.13.1 黄杨粕片盾蚧Parlagena buxi(Takahashi) 182
9.14 星片盾蚧属Parlatoreopsis Lindinger 183
9.14.1 中国星片盾蚧Parlatoreopsis chinensis(Marlatt) 184
9.14.2 梨星片盾蚧Parlatoreopsis pyri(Marlatt) 185
9.15 片盾蚧属Parlatoria Targioni-Tozzetti 186
9.15.1 山茶片盾蚧Parlatoria carnelliae Comstock 187
9.15.2 侧柏片盾蚧Parlatoria cupressi Ferris 189
9.15.3 黄片盾蚧Parlatoria proteus(Curtis) 190
9.15.4 茶片盾蚧Parlatoria theae Cockerell 191
9.16 并盾蚧属Pinnaspis Cockerell 192
9.16.1 百合并盾蚧Pinnaspis aspidistrae(Signoret) 192
9.16.2 黄杨并盾蚧Pinnaspis buxi(Bouche) 194
9.17 原盾蚧属Prodiaspis Young 196
9.17.1 中国原盾蚧Prodiaspis sinensis(Tang) 196
9.18 白盾蚧属Pseudaulacaspis MacGillivray 198
9.18.1 考氏白盾蚧Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli(Cooley) 198
9.18.2 桑白盾蚧Pseudaulacaspis pentagona(Targioni-Tozzetti) 200
9.19 笠圆盾蚧属Quadraspidiotus MacGillivray 202
9.19.1 杨笠圆盾蚧Quadraspidiotus gigas(Thiem et Gerneck) 202
9.19.2 大管笠圆盾蚧Quadraspidiotus macroporanus Takagi 204
9.19.3 桦笠圆盾蚧Quadraspidiotus ostreae formis(Curtis) 205
9.19.4 梨笠圆盾蚧Quadraspidiotus perniciosus(Comstock) 207
9.19.5 突笠圆盾蚧Quadraspidiotus slavonicus(Green) 209
9.20 晋盾蚧属Shansiaspis Tang 210
9.20.1 柽柳晋盾蚧Shansiaspis ovalis Chen 211
9.20.2 垂柳晋盾蚧Shansiaspis salicis Chen 212
9.20.3 中华晋盾蚧Shansiaspis sinensis Tang 213
9.21 尖盾蚧属Unaspis MacGillivray 214
9.21.1 卫矛尖盾蚧Unaspis euanymi(Comstock) 215
9.21.2 矢尖盾蚧Unaspis yanonensis(Kuwana) 216
宁夏蚧虫天敌种类记述 218
1 膜翅目Hymenoptera 218
1.1 跳小蜂科Encyrtidae 218
1.1.1 粉蚧长索跳小蜂Anagyrus dactylopis(Howard) 218
1.1.2 寡节长缨跳小蜂Anthemus aspidioti Nikol'skaga 219
1.1.3 球蚧蓝绿跳小蜂Blastothrix sericea(Dalm.) 219
1.1.4 长缘刷盾跳小蜂Cheiloneurus claviger Thomoson 220
1.1.5 刷盾短喙跳小蜂Encyrtus sasakii Ishii 221
1.1.6 刷盾跳小蜂Eucomys scutellata(Swed.) 222
1.1.7 棉蚧阔柄跳小蜂Metaphycus pulvinariae(Howard) 223
1.1.8 球蚧花翅跳小蜂Microterys clauseni Compere 224
1.1.9 粉蚧短角跳小蜂Pseudaphycus malinus Gahan 224
1.2 蚜小蜂科Aphelinidae 225
1.2.1 赖食蚧蚜小蜂Coccophagus lycimnia(Walker) 225
2 鞘翅目Coleoptera 226
2.1 瓢甲科Coccinellidae 226
2.1.1 二星瓢虫Adalia bipunctata(Linnaeus) 226
2.1.2 红点唇瓢虫Chilocorus kuwanae Silvestri 227
2.1.3 黑缘红瓢虫Chilocorus rubidus Hope 228
2.1.4 异色瓢虫Leis axyridis(Pallas) 229
2.1.5 多星瓢虫Oenopia conglobata(Linnaeus) 230
2.1.6 龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica(Thunberg) 231
2.1.7 二星小瓢虫Scymnus bipunctatus Kugclam 232
2.2 方头甲科Cybocephalidae 233
2.2.1 日本方头甲Cybocephalus nipponicus Endrody-Younga 233
3 鳞翅目Lepidoptera 234
3.1 举肢蛾科Heliodinidae 234
3.1.1 北京举肢蛾Beijinga utila Yang 234
4 脉翅目Neuroptera 235
4.1 草蛉科Chrysopidae 235
4.1.1 丽草蛉Chrysopa formosa Brauer 235
4.1.2 多斑草蛉Chrysopa intima Maclachlan 236
4.1.3 叶色草蛉Chrysopa phyllochroma Wesmael 237
4.1.4 大草蛉Chrysopa septempunctata Wasmaei 237
4.1.5 中华草蛉Chrysopa sinica Tjeder 238
4.2 褐蛉科Hemerobiidae 240
4.2.1 全北褐蛉Hemerobius humuli Linnaeus 240
4.2.2 薄叶脉线蛉Neuronema laminata Tjeder 240
5 半翅目Hemiptera 241
5.1 花蝽科Anthocoridae 241
5.1.1 多毛原花蝽Anthocoris pilosus(Jakovlev) 241
5.1.2 微小花蝽Orius minutes(Linnaeus) 242
6 缨翅目Thysanoptera 243
6.1 纹蓟马科Aeolothripidae 243
6.1.1 间纹蓟马Aeolothrips intermedius Bagall 243
参考文献 244
English abstract 250
蚧虫中文名称索引 266
蚧虫拉丁文名称索引 268
蚧虫寄主中英文对照 270