1．Introduction 1
1.1 Electric Power System 1
1.2 Indian Power Sector 2
1.3 A Contemporary Perspective 2
1.4 Structure of Power Systems 14
1.5 Conventional Sources of Electric Energy 16
1.6 Magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)Generation 35
1.7 Geothermal Energy 36
1.8 Environmental Aspects of Electric Energy Generation 37
1.9 Renewable Energy Resources 42
1.10 Solar Energy and its Utilization 43
1.11 Wind Power 59
1.12 Biofuels 66
1.13 Generating Reserve,Reliability and Certain Factors 67
1.14 Energy Storage 71
1.15 Energy Conservation 75
1.16 Growth of Power Systems in India 77
1.17 Deregulation 79
1.18 Distributed and Dispersed Generation 82
1.19 Power System Engineers and Power System Studies 83
1.20 Use of Computers and Microprocessors 83
1.21 Problems Facing Indian Power Industry and its Choices 84
Annexure 1.1 87
Annexure 1.2 87
2．Inductance and Resistance of Transmission Lines 95
2.1 Introduction 95
2.2 Definition of Inductance 95
2.3 Flux Linkages of an Isolated Current-Carrying Conductor 96
2.4 Inductance of a Single-Phase Two-Wire Line 100
2.5 Conductor Types 102
2.6 Flux Linkages of One Conductor in a Group 103
2.7 Inductance of Composite Conductor Lines 104
2.8 Inductance of Three-Phase Lines 109
2.9 Double-Circuit Three-Phase Lines 116
2.10 Bundled Conductors 119
2.11 Resistance 121
2.12 Skin Effect and Proximity Effect 122
2.13 Magnetic Field Induction 123
2.14 Summary 123
3．Capacitance of Transmission Lines 127
3.1 Introduction 127
3.2 Electric Field of a Long Straight Conductor 127
3.3 Potential Difference between Two Conductors of a Group of Parallel Conductors 128
3.4 Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line 129
3.5 Capacitance of a Three-Phase Line with Equilateral Spacing 131
3.6 Capacitance of a Three-Phase Line with Unsymmetrical Spacing 132
3.7 Effect of Earth on Transmission Line Capacitance 134
3.8 Method of GMD(Modified) 142
3.9 Bundled Conductors 142
3.10 Electrostatic Induction 143
3.11 Summary 143
4．Representation of Power System Components 146
4.1 Introduction 146
4.2 Single-Phase Representation of Balanced Three-Phase Networks 146
4.3 The One-Line Diagram and the Impedance or Reactance Diagram 148
4.4 Per Unit(PU)System 150
4.5 Complex Power 156
4.6 The Steady State Model of Synchronous Machine 159
4.7 Power Transformer 172
4.8 Transmission of Electric Power 172
4.9 System Protection 172
4.10 Representation of Loads 174
4.11 Summary 175
5．Characteristics and Performance of Power Transmission Lines 177
5.1 Introduction 177
5.2 Short Transmission Line 178
5.3 Medium Transmission Line 186
5.4 The Long Transmission Line—Rigorous Solution 188
5.5 The Equivalent Circuit of a Long Line 192
5.6 Interpretation of the Long Line Equations 198
5.7 Ferranti Effect 204
5.8 Tuned Power Lines 206
5.9 Power Flow Through a Transmission Line 207
5.10 Methods of Voltage Control 223
5.11 Summary 231
6．Load Flow Studies 235
6.1 Introduction 235
6.2 Network Model Formulation 237
6.3 Formation of YBUS by Singular Transformation 247
6.4 Load Flow Problem 253
6.5 Gauss-Siedel Method 263
6.6 Newton-Raphson Method 274
6.7 Decoupled Load Flow Studies 290
6.8 Comparison of Load Flow Methods 301
6.9 Control of Voltage Profile 303
6.10 Load Flow under Power Electronic Control 312
6.11 Summary 318
7．Optimal System Operation 331
7.1 Introduction 331
7.2 Optimal Operation of Generators on a Bus Bar 332
7.3 Optimal Unit Commitment(UC) 345
7.4 Reliability Considerations 349
7.5 Optimal Generation Scheduling 354
7.6 Optimal Load Flow Solution 368
7.7 Optimal Scheduling of Hydrothermal System 376
7.8 Power System Security 383
7.9 Maintenance Scheduling(MS) 389
7.10 Power-System Reliability 389
7.11 Summary 394
Annexure 7.1 402
8．Automatic Generation and Voltage Control 409
8.1 Introduction 409
8.2 Load Frequency Control(Single Area Case) 410
8.3 Load Frequency Control and Economic Despatch Control 424
8.4 Two-Area Load Frequency Control 425
8.5 Optimal(Two-Area)Load Frequency Control 431
8.6 Automatic Voltage Control 437
8.7 Load Frequency Control with Generation Rate Constraints(GRCs) 439
8.8 Speed Governor Dead-Band and its Effect on AGC 440
8.9 Digital LF Controllers 441
8.10 Decentralized Control 442
8.11 Discrete Integral Controller for AGC 443
8.12 AGC in a Restructured Power System 443
8.13 Summary 449
9．Symmetrical Fault Analysis 453
9.1 Introduction 453
9.2 Transient on a Transmission Line 454
9.3 Short Circuit of a Synchronous Machine 456
9.4 Short Circuit of a Loaded Synchronous Machine 465
9.5 Selection of Circuit Breakers 470
9.6 Algorithm for Short Circuit Studies 475
9.7 ZBUS Formulation 480
9.8 Summary 489
10．Symmetrical Components 495
10.1 Introduction 495
10.2 Symmetrical Component Transformation 496
10.3 Phase Shift in Star-Delta Transformers 502
10.4 Sequence Impedances of Transmission Lines 505
10.5 Sequence Impedances and Sequence Network of Power System 507
10.6 Sequence Impedances and Networks of Synchronous Machine 507
10.7 Sequence Impedances of Transmission Lines 511
10.8 Sequence Impedances and Networks of Transformers 512
10.9 Construction of Sequence Networks of a Power System 515
10.10 Summary 519
11．Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis 523
11.1 Introduction 523
11.2 Symmetrical Component Analysis of Unsymmetrical Faults 524
11.3 Single Line-to-Ground(LG)Fault 525
11.4 Line-to-Line(LL)Fault 528
11.5 Double Line-to-Ground(LLG)Fault 530
11.6 Open Conductor Faults 540
11.7 Bus Impedance Matrix Method for Analysis of Unsymmetrical Shunt Faults 542
11.8 Summary 552
12．Power System Stability 558
12.1 Introduction 558
12.2 Dynamics of a Synchronous Machine 560
12.3 Power Angle Equation 565
12.4 Node Elimination Technique 570
12.5 Simple Systems 577
12.6 Steady State Stability 579
12.7 Transient Stability 584
12.8 Equal Area Criterion 586
12.9 Numerical Solution of Swing Equation 605
12.10 Multimachines Stability 612
12.11 Some Factors Affecting Transient Stability 622
12.12 Summary 631
13．Power System Transients 635
13.1 Introduction 635
13.2 Types of System Transients 635
13.3 Traveling Waves and Propagation of Surges 637
13.4 Generation of Overvoltages on Transmission Lines 658
13.5 Protection of Transmission Lines Against Lightning 661
13.6 Protection of Power System Apparatus Against Surges 663
13.7 Insulation Coordination 668
13.8 Lightning Phenomena 673
13.9 Neutral Grounding 676
13.10 Summary 679
14．Circuit Breakers 682
14.1 Circuit Breaking Transients 682
14.2 Circuit Breaker Rating 694
14.3 Arc and Arc Extinction 695
14.4 Circuit Breaker Types 699
14.5 HVDC Circuit Breakers 712
14.6 Testing of HVAC Circuit Breakers 715
14.7 Isolators 719
14.8 Fuses 720
14.9 Contactors 720
14.10 Summary 721
15．Power System Protection 723
15.1 Introduction 723
15.2 Protective Zones 724
15.3 Relaying Elements and Quantities 726
15.4 Current and Voltage Transformers 728
15.5 Relay Types and Characteristics 734
15.6 Relay Hardware 746
15.7 Relay Connections 761
15.8 Protection of Transmission Lines 767
15.9 Generator/Motor Protection 785
15.10 Transformer Protection 791
15.11 Sequence Filters 796
15.12 Microprocessor-Based Relaying 798
15.13 Numerical(Digital)Relay 803
15.14 Recent Trends 805
15.15 Summary 807
16．Underground Cables 810
16.1 Introduction 810
16.2 Types of Cables 810
16.3 Capacitance of Single-Core Cable 813
16.4 Grading of Cables 814
16.5 Power Factor and Heating of Cables 822
16.6 Capacitance of 3-Core Belted Cable 823
16.7 D.C.Cables 826
16.8 Summary 827
17．Insulators for Overhead Lines 829
17.1 Introduction 829
17.2 Types of Insulators 829
17.3 Potential Distribution Over a String of Suspension Insulators 830
17.4 Methods of Equalizing Potential 832
17.5 Insulator Failure 836
17.6 Testing of Insulators 836
17.7 Summary 840
18．Mechanical Design of Transmission Lines 841
18.1 Introduction 841
18.2 Sag and Tension Calculations 841
18.3 Spans of Unequal Length:Ruling or Equivalent Span 847
18.4 Vibration and Vibration Dampers 848
18.5 Summary 850
19．Corona 852
19.1 Introduction 852
19.2 Critical Disruptive Voltage 852
19.3 Conditions Affecting Corona 854
19.4 Corona Loss 855
19.5 Corona in HVDC Lines 856
19.6 Practical Importance of Corona 857
19.7 Summary 857
20．High Voltage DC(HVDC)Transmission 860
20.1 Introduction 860
20.2 Convertor Basics 861
20.3 Types of DC Links(Transmission Modes) 864
20.4 Structure of HVDC Transmission 866
20.5 Principles of HVDC Control 868
20.6 Economic Considerations 869
20.7 HVDC Applications 871
20.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of HVDC Systems 872
20.9 Three-Phase Bridge Converter Performance 873
20.10 Rectifier 874
20.11 Inverter 877
20.12 Circuit Breaking:Some Topics in HVDC 882
20.13 Recent Advances 883
20.14 Future Trends 884
20.15 Summary 885
21．Distribution Systems 886
21.1 Introduction 886
21.2 Types of Distribution Systems 887
21.3 Section and Size of Feeders 890
21.4 Voltage Drop in DC Distributors 894
21.5 Summary 899
22．Voltage Stability 902
22.1 Introduction 902
22.2 Comparison of Angle and Voltage Stability 903
22.3 Reactive Power Flow and Voltage Collapse 904
22.4 Mathematical Formulation of Voltage Stability Problem 905
22.5 Voltage Stability Analysis 908
22.6 Prevention of Voltage Collapse 911
22.7 State-of-the-Art,Future Trends and Challenges 912
22.8 Summary 914
Appendix A 917
Appendix B 929
Appendix C 935
Appendix D 941
Appendix E 944
Appendix F 946
Appendix G 952
Appendix H 989
Appendix I 994
Appendix J 998
Multiple Choice Questions 1008
Answer to Problems 1054
Index 1063