Ⅰ．The Problems of Virology＆BY F．M．BURNET AND W．M．STANLEY 1
Ⅰ．Introduction 1
Ⅱ．The Double Approach 2
A．The Infective Particle 2
B．The Virus-Host Cell Relationship 8
References 14
Ⅱ．Structural and Chemical Architecture of Host Cells with Special Reference to the Synthesis of Polymers＆BY SEYMOUR S．COHEN 15
Ⅰ．Introduction 17
A．Historical Notes 17
B．The Metabolic Machinery and Virus Infection 18
C．Possible Contributions of the Host Cell to the Synthesis of Viral Polymers 25
D．On the Origin and Cellular Relations of the Viruses 27
Ⅱ．Cellular Organization 28
A．On the Cell in General 28
B．The Composition of the Nucleus 30
C．Cytoplasmic Structures 53
Ⅲ．The Distribution of Metabolic Function 69
A．Methodological Notes 69
B．Tables of Enzyme Distribution 71
C．Enzymatic Systems of Nuclei 75
D．Enzymatic Systems of Cytoplasm 81
E．Enzymatic Systems in the Microsomal Fraction 86
F．Enzymatic Activities of Cell Sap 87
G．Polymer Synthesis in Cytoplasm and Nucleus 88
Ⅳ．Patterns of Polymer Synthesis 103
A．Exponential Growth 103
B．Difierentiated Cells 104
C．Synchronous Cultures 107
D．Pathological Systems 109
E．Unbalanced Growth 111
F．Syntheses with Abnormal Metabolites 118
G．Problems of Turnover 120
Ⅴ．Controlling Mechanisms of Enzyme and Protein Synthesis 128
A．Introduction 128
B．Genetic Controls 129
C．Some Nutritional Phenomena 135
D．The Induced Biosynthesis of Enzymes 137
Ⅵ．Biochemical Mechanisms of Polymer Formation 151
A．Phosphate Transfer 153
B．Polysaccharide Biosynthesis 163
C．Phospholipid Synthesis 167
D．Mechanisms of Peptide Synthesis 168
E．The Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acid Intermediates 176
F．Biosynthesis of the Nucleic Acids 183
Ⅶ．Problems of Polymer Duplication 191
A．DNA Duplication and Partition 192
B．The Transfer of Biological Information 196
Ⅷ．Conclusion 202
References 203
Ⅲ．The Physical Properties of Infective Particles＆BY HOWARD K．SCHACHMAN AND ROBLEY C．WILLIAMS 223
Ⅰ．Introduction 224
Ⅱ．Physical Methods 227
A．Hydrodynamic and Thermodynamic Methods 227
B．Optical Methods 271
Ⅲ．Application of Physical Methods to Virus Studies 297
A．Homogeneity and Purity as Related to Virus Identification 297
B．Identification of Physical Particles as Infective Agents 299
C．Physical Properties of Well-Studied Viruses 303
References 323
Ⅳ．Quantitative Relationships between Virus Particles and Their Functional Activity＆BY CARLTON E．SCHWERDT 329
Ⅰ．Introduction 329
Ⅱ．Titration of Virus Infectivity 330
A．Assay Based on All-or-None Response 331
B．Assay by Local Lesion Count 333
C．Factors Affecting Virus Infectivity Titrations 337
Ⅲ．Methods of Determining Total Virus Particle Concentrations 339
A．Direct Methods:Electron Microscopy 339
B．Indirect Methods 342
Ⅳ．Relationships between Total Particle Count and Biological Function 346
A．Initiation of Infection by a Single Virus Particle 346
B．Observed Ratios between Virus Particle Count and Infectious Units 349
Ⅴ．Summary and Conclusion 353
References 355
Ⅴ．Inactivation of Viruses＆BY S．GARD AND O．MAALφE 359
Ⅰ．Introduction 360
Ⅱ．Physical Agents 361
A．Mechanical Treatments 361
B．Ionizing and Nonionizing Radiations 364
Ⅲ．Physicochemical Factors 382
A．Heat Inactivation 382
B．Resistance to Low Temperature and to Desiccation 387
C．Virus Stability and pH 389
D．Salt Effects 390
Ⅳ．Chemical Agents 392
A．Chemical Alterations of the Virus Particle not associated with Loss of Infectivity 392
B．Formaldehyde 398
C．Protein-Denaturing Agents 405
D．Oxidizing Agents 407
E．Alkylating Agents 411
F．Organic Solvents 412
G．Enzymes 414
H．Miscellaneous Agents 417
References 418
Ⅵ．The Chemical Basis of the Infectivity of Tobacco Mosaic Virus and Other Plant Viruses＆BY H．FRAENKEL-CONRAT 429
Ⅰ．Purification of Plant Viruses 430
A．Procedure for the Preparation of TMV 430
B．Isolation and Properties of Other Plant Viruses 430
C．The Nature of Virus-Specific Components in Infected Plants 432
Ⅱ．Degradation of TMV 433
A．Preparation of Nucleic Acid 433
B．Preparation of Protein 435
C．Structure and Function of Viral Proteins 435
Ⅲ．Assay of Infectivity of TMV and TMV-RNA 437
Ⅳ．Reconstitution of TMV 439
Ⅴ．Infectivity of Viral RNA 441
A．TMV 441
B．Other Viruses 445
C．Natural Occurrence of Infectious Nucleic Acid 446
Ⅵ．Chemical and Physicochemical Properties of Infectious TMV-RNA 446
A．Molecular Weight 446
B．Lability 448
C．Miscellaneous Reactions 450
Ⅶ．Reconstitution of Viruses from Different Strains 450
A．Mixed Viruses 451
B．Mixed Nucleic Acid Viruses 452
C．Search for in Vitro-Produced Mutants 453
References 455
Ⅶ．The Comparative Chemistry of Infective Virus Particles and Their Functional Activity:T2 and other Bacterial Viruses＆BY E．A．EVANS,JR 459
Ⅰ．Introduction 459
Ⅱ．General Structure of Coliphage Particles 460
Ⅲ．The Protein Components of Coliphage Particles 461
A．Amino Acid Context of Coliphage Proteins 461
B．The Heterogeneity of Viral Protein 463
Ⅳ．Nucleic Acid Components of Coliphage 466
A．Analysis of Components of Viral Nucleic Acid 467
B．Heterogeneity of Viral DNA 470
Ⅴ．Other Viral Specific Products 471
Addendum 472
References 472
Ⅷ．The Comparative Chemistry of Infective Virus Particles and of other Virus-Specific Products:Animal Viruses＆BY WERNER SCHAFER 475
Ⅰ．Introduction 475
Ⅱ．Definition of the Various Virus-Specific Units 476
Ⅲ．Problems and Methods of Chemical Analysis 478
Ⅳ．Chemical Composition of Infective Particles and Other Virus-Specific Products 479
A．Smaller Viruses 479
B．Viruses of Medium Size 482
C．Larger Viruses 491
D．Summary 495
Ⅴ．Origin and Function of the Chemical Constituents of Animal Viruses 499
References 501
Ⅸ．Biochemistry of Insect Viruses＆BY G．H．BERGOLD 505
Ⅰ．The Chemical Changes in the Insect Host during Virus Infection 505
Ⅱ．Physicochemical Properties and Chemical Composition of Inclusion Bodies 507
A．Physicochemical Properties 507
B．Chemical Composition of Inclusion Body Proteins 510
Ⅲ．Chemical Composition of Virus Particles 513
References 521
Ⅹ．The Scope and Limitations of Immunological Methods in the Characterization and Functional Study of Viruses＆BY F．M．BURNET 525
Ⅰ．Introduction 525
Ⅱ．The Concepts of Immunological Specificity 527
Ⅲ．Aggregation Reactions in Virology 530
A．Precipitin Reactions 531
B．Complement Fixation 533
C．Fluorescent Antibody Techniques 534
Ⅳ．The Process of Virus Neutralization 534
A．Neutralization of Bacterial Viruses 534
B．Neutralization of Plant Viruses 537
C．Neutralization of Animal Viruses by Immune Serum 538
References 546
Ⅺ．The Reproduction of Viruses:A Comparative Survey＆BY S．E．LURIA 549
Ⅰ．Virus Infection as Infective Heredity 549
A．Virus Multiplication,Cell Multiplication,and Cell Growth 549
B．Virus as Genetic Determinant 551
C．Virus Replication and Virus Maturation 551
Ⅱ．Multiplication of Bacteriophage 553
A．The Nature of the Replicating Phage Material 553
B．Infectious DNA from Phage Particles 554
C．Kinetics of Replication of Vegetative Phage 555
D．Functions of the Phage Genome 555
E．Phage Maturation and Infective Heredity 558
Ⅲ．Multiplication of Tobacco Mosaic Virus 559
A．RNA as the Initiator of Infection 559
B．TMV Protein and Virus Maturation 560
C．Other RNA Viruses 561
Ⅳ．Multiplication of Animal Viruses 562
A．Myxovirus Group 562
B．Other Viruses 562
Ⅴ．Virus Multiplication,Cell Function,and Cell Organization 563
A．Restatement of the Dual Hypothesis 563
B．Cell Damage and Virus Multiplication 564
C．Viruses and Cellular Constituents 565
References 566
AUTHOR INDEX 569
SUBJECT INDEX 591