Preface to the English Edition 3
PREFACES AND AFTERWORDS BY KARL MARX AND FREDERICK ENGELS TO THE GERMAN AND FRENCH EDITIONS 7
Preface to the First German Edition 7
Afterword to the Second German Edition 12
Preface to the French Edition 21
Afterword to the French Edition 22
Preface to the Third German Edition 23
Preface to the Fourth German Edition 26
PART Ⅰ COMMODITIES AND MONEY 35
CHAPTER Ⅰ－ Commodities 35
Section 1．－The Two Factors of a Commodity:Use-Value and Value(the Substance of Value and the Magnitude of Value) 35
Section 2．－The Two-fold Character of the Labour Embodied in Commodities 41
Section 3．－The Form of Value or Exchange-Value 47
A．Elementary or Accidental Form of Value 48
1．The Two Poles of the Expression of Value:Relative Form and Equivalent Form 48
2．The Relative Form of Value 49
a．The Nature and Import of this Form 49
b．Quantitative Determination of Relative Value 53
3．The Equivalent Form of Value 55
4．The Elementary Form of Value Considered as a Whole 60
B．Total or Expanded Form of Value 62
1．The Expanded Relative Form of Value 62
2．The Particular Equivalent Form 64
3．Defects of the Total or Expanded Form of Value 64
C．The General Form of Value 65
1．The Altered Character of the Form of Value 65
2．The Interdependent Development of the Relative Form of Value,and of the Equivalent Form 67
3．Transition from the General Form of Value to the Money-Form 69
D．The Money-Form 69
Section 4－The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret thereof 71
CHAPTER Ⅱ．－Exchange 84
CHAPTER Ⅲ．－Money,or the Circulation of Commodities 94
Section 1．－The Measure of Values 94
Section 2．－The Medium of Circulation 103
a．The Metamorphosis of Commodities 103
b．The Currency of Money 114
c．Coin and Symbols of Value 124
Section 3．－Money 130
a．Hoarding 130
b．Means of Payment 134
c．Universal Money 142
PART Ⅱ THE TRANSFORMATION OF MONEY INTO CAPITAL 146
CHAPTER Ⅳ．－The General Formula for Capital 146
CHAPTER Ⅴ．－Contradictions in the General Formula of Capital 156
CHAPTER Ⅵ．－The Buying and Selling of Labour-Power 167
PART Ⅲ THE PRODUCTION OF ABSOLUTE SURPLUS-VALUE 177
CHAPTER Ⅶ．－The Labour-Process and the Process of Producing Surplus-Value 177
Section 1．－The Labour-Process or the Production of Use-Values 177
Section 2．－The Production of Surplus-Value 186
CHAPTER Ⅷ．－Constant Capital and Variable Capital 199
CHAPTER Ⅸ．－The Rate of Surplus-Value 212
Section 1．－The Degree of Exploitation of Labour-Power 212
Section 2．－The Representation of the Components of the Value of the Product by Corresponding Proportional Parts of the Product Itself 220
Section 3．－SeniorsLast Hour 224
Section 4．－Surplus-Produce 230
CHAPTER Ⅹ．－The Working-Day 231
Section 1．－The Limits of the Working-Day 231
Section 2．－The Greed for Surplus-LabourManufacturer and Boyard 235
Section 3．－Branches of English Industry without Legal Limits to Exploitation 243
Section 4．－Day and Night WorkThe Relay System 256
Section 5．－The Struggle for a Normal Working-DayCompulsory Laws for the Extension of the Working-Day from the Middle of the 14th to the End of the 17th Century 264
Section 6．－The Struggle for the Normal Working-DayCompulsory Limitation by Law of the Working-TimeThe English Factory Acts,1833 to 1864 278
Section 7．－The Struggle for the Normal Working-DayRe-action of the English Factory Acts on Other Countries 298
CHAPTER Ⅺ．－Rate and Mass of Surplus-Value 303
PART Ⅳ PRODUCTION OF RELATIVE SURPLUS-VALUE 312
CHAPTER Ⅻ．－The Concept of Relative Surplus-Value 312
CHAPTER ⅩⅢ．－Co-operation 322
CHAPTER ⅩⅣ．－Division of Labour and Manufacture 336
Section 1．－Two-fold Origin of Manufacture 336
Section 2．－The Detail Labourer and His Implements 339
Section 3．－The Two Fundamental Forms of Manufacture:Heterogeneous Manufacture,Serial Manufacture 342
Section 4．－Division of Labour in Manufacture,and Division of Labour in Society 350
Section 5．－The Capitalistic Character of Manufacture 359
CHAPTER ⅩⅤ．－Machinery and Modern Industry 371
Section 1．－The Development of Machinery 371
Section 2．－The Value Transferred by Machinery to the Product 386
Section 3．－The Proximate Effects of Machinery on the Workman 394
a．Appropriation of Supplementary Labour-Power by CapitalThe Employment of Women and Children 394
b．Prolongation of the Working-Day 403
c．Intensification of Labour 409
Section 4．－The Factory 418
Section 5．－The Strife Between Workman and Machine 427
Section 6．－The Theory of Compensation as Regards the Work-people Displaced by Machinery 438
Section 7．－Repulsion and Attraction of Workpeople by the Factory SystemCrises in the Cotton Trade 447
Section 8．－Revolution Effected in Manufacture,Handicrafts,and Domestic Industry by Modern Industry 459
a．Overthrow of Co-operation Based on Handicraft and on the Division of Labour 459
b．Reaction of the Factory System on Manufacture and Domestic Industries 461
c．Modern Manufacture 462
d．Modern Domestic Industry 466
e．Passage of Modern Manufacture,and Domestic Industry into Modern Mechanical IndustryThe Hastening of This Revolution by the Application of the Factory Acts to Those Industries 470
Section 9．－The Factory ActsSanitary and Educational Clauses of the SameTheir General Extension in England 480
Section 10．－Modern Industry and Agriculture 504
PART Ⅴ THE PRODUCTION OF ABSOLUTE AND OF RELATIVE SURPLUS-VALUE 508
CHAPTER ⅩⅥ．－Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value 508
CHAPTER ⅩⅦ．－Changes of Magnitude in the Price of Labour-Power and in Surplus-Value 519
Ⅰ．Length of the Working-Day and Intensity of Labour ConstantProductiveness of Labour Variable 520
Ⅱ．Working-Day ConstantProductiveness of Labour ConstantIntensity of Labour Variable 524
Ⅲ．Productiveness and Intensity of Labour ConstantLength of the Working-Day Variable 526
Ⅳ．Simultaneous Variations in the Duration,Productiveness,and Intensity of Labour 527
(1) Diminishing Productiveness of Labour with a Simultaneous Lengthening of the Working-Day 528
(2) Increasing Intensity and Productiveness of Labour with Simultaneous Shortening of the Working-Day 530
CHAPTER ⅩⅧ．－Various Formul？ for the Rate of Surplus-Value 531
PART Ⅵ WAGES 535
CHAPTER ⅩⅨ．－The Transformation of the Value(and Respectively the Price) of Labour-Power into Wages 535
CHAPTER ⅩⅩ．－Time-Wages 543
CHAPTER ⅩⅪ．－Piece-Wages 551
CHAPTER ⅩⅫ．－National Differences of Wages 559
PART Ⅶ THE ACCUMULATION OF CAPITAL 564
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅢ．－Simple Reproduction 566
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅣ．－Conversion of Surplus-Value into Capital 579
Section 1．－Capitalist Production on a Progressively Increasing ScaleTransition of the Laws of Property that Characterise Production of Commodities into Laws of Capitalist Appropriation 579
Section 2．－Erroneous Conception,by Political Economy,of Reproduction on a Progressively Increasing Scale 588
Section 3．－Separation of Surplus-Value into Capital and RevenueThe Abstinence Theory 591
Section 4．－Circumstances that,Independently of the Proportional Division of Surplus-Value into Capital and Revenue,Determine the Amount of AccumulationDegree of Exploitation of Labour-PowerProductivity of LabourGrowing Difference in Amount Between Capital Employed and Capital ConsumedMagnitude of Capital Advanced 599
Section 5．－The So-Called Labour-Fund 609
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅤ．－The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation 612
Section 1．－The Increased Demand for Labour-Power that Accompanies Accumulation,the Composition of Capital Remaining the Same 612
Section 2．－Relative Diminution of the Variable Part of Capital Simultaneously with the Progress of Accumulation and of the Concentration that Accompanies It 621
Section 3．－Progressive Production of a Relative Surplus-Population or Industrial Reserve Army 628
Section 4．－Different Forms of the Relative Surplus-PopulationThe General Law of Capitalistic Accumulation 640
Section 5．－Illustrations of the General Law of Capitalist Accumulation 648
a．England from 1846-1866 648
b．The Badly Paid Strata of the British Industrial Class 654
c．The Nomad Population 663
d．Effect of Crises on the Best Paid Part of the Working-Class 667
e．The British Agricultural Proletariat 673
f．Ireland 697
PART Ⅷ THE SO-CALLED PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION 713
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅥ．－The Secret of Primitive Accumulation 713
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅦ．－Expropriation of the Agricultural Population from the Land 717
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅧ．－Bloody Legislation against the Expropriated,from the End of the 15th CenturyForcing down of Wages by Acts of Parliament 734
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅨ．－Genesis of the Capitalist Farmer 742
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅩ．－Reaction of the Agricultural Revolution on IndustryCreation of the Home-Market for Industrial Capital 745
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅪ．－Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist 750
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅫ．－Historical Tendency of Capitalist Accumulation 761
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅩⅢ．－The Modern Theory of Colonisation 765
INDEXES 775
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES 775
NAME INDEX 797