Unit 1 Use of Words 1
1 Types of Words 3
2 Use of Proper Words in Proper Places 7
3 Further Tips for the Selection of Words 9
4 Formation of English Words 16
Exercises 18
Unit 2 The Making of Sentences 23
1 Basic Elements of a Sentence 25
2 Types of Sentences 25
3 Effective Sentences 31
Exercises 40
Unit 3 Writing Effective Sentences 45
1 Coordination 47
2 Subordination 52
3 Variety of Sentence Patterns 57
Exercises 60
Unit 4 The Paragraph(1):The Major Elements of a Good Paragraph 65
1 Unity 67
2 Coherence 70
3 Focus 78
4 Completeness 81
5 Brevity 84
Exercises 86
Unit 5 The Paragraph(2):The Paragraph Structure and Types 91
1 Three Parts of the Paragraph 93
2 Types of Paragraphs 105
Exercises 113
Unit 6 The Paragraph(3):The Development of the Paragraph 119
1 Planning a Paragraph 121
2 Developing a Paragraph by Time 123
3 Developing a Paragraph by Space 125
4 Developing a Paragraph by Process 128
5 Developing a Paragraph by Citing Statistics 131
6 Developing a Paragraph by Comparison and Contrast 133
7 Developing a Paragraph by Exemplification 135
8 Developing a Paragraph by Cause and Effect 137
9 Development by Definition 139
10 Development by Classification 141
Exercises 143
Unit 7 The Basic Steps of Writing an Essay 149
1 Getting Started and Selecting a Topic 151
2 Narrowing Down the Topic and Writing a Thesis Statement 152
3 Outlining 154
4 Writing the First Draft 157
5 Revising and Editing 162
Exercises 164
Unit 8 Narration 167
1 Definition 169
2 Basic Elements of Narration 170
3 Types of Narration 170
4 Tips for Narrative Writing 175
Exercises 182
Unit 9 Description 185
1 Definition 187
2 Basic Elements of Description 187
3 Basic Types of Description 188
4 Tips for Writing Descriptions 194
Exercises 195
Unit 10 Exposition(1):Definition 201
1 Definition of Exposition 203
2 Basic Elements of Exposition 203
3 Types of Techniques Used in Expository Writing 204
4 Types of Definition 204
Exercises 210
Unit 11 Exposition(2)Classification and Division 217
1 Definitions of Classification and Division 219
2 Basic Elements of Classification and Division 222
3 Principles of Classification and Division 223
Exercises 228
Unit 12 Exposition(3):Illustration 231
1 Definition 233
2 Types of Illustration 233
3 Basic Elements of Illustration 238
4 Tips for Using Illustration 238
Exercises 239
Unit 13 Exposition(4):Comparison and Contrast 245
1 Definition 247
2 Purpose of Writing Comparison and Contrast 247
3 Pattern of Comparison and Contrast 248
4 Tips of Writing Comparison and Contrast 252
Exercises 256
Unit 14 Exposition(5):Cause and Effect 259
1 Definition 261
2 Basic Types of Cause-and-effect Pattern 262
3 Tips of Writing Cause-and-effect Essay 264
Exercises 267
Unit 15 Argumentation 271
1 Definition 273
2 Basic Elements of Argumentation 273
3 Principles of Argumentative Writing 274
4 How to Organise an Argument 274
Exercises 279
Unit 16 Practical Writing(1):Greetings,Formal Invitations and Personal Letters 289
1 Greetings and Formal Invitations 291
2 Personal Letters 295
Exercises 310
Unit 17 Practical Writing(2):Notes and Letters of Application and Resumé 313
1 Notes 315
2 Letters of Application 322
3 Résumé 327
Exercises 331
Unit 18 Summary Writing 333
1 Definition 335
2 The Purpose of a Summary 335
3 Elements of a Good Summary 336
4 The Basic Steps of Writing a Summary 338
Exercises 346
Unit 19 Figures of Speech 351
1 Simile 353
2 Metaphor 354
3 Personification 354
4 Metonymy 355
5 Hyperbole 356
6 Understatement 356
7 Euphemism 357
8 Irony 358
9 Alliteration 358
10 Synecdoche 359
11 Onomatopoeia 359
12 Antithesis 360
13 Parallelism 361
14 Oxymoron 361
15 Pun 362
Exercises 363
Unit 20 Punctuation 365
1 The Comma 367
2 The Period 369
3 The Semicolon 369
4 The Colon 371
5 Quotation Marks 371
6 The Question Mark 373
7 The Exclamation Mark 373
8 Parentheses and Brackets 373
9 The Dash 374
10 Italics and Underlining 375
Exercises 375
Keys 377