Chapter Ⅰ Coherent Organization of Discourse 1
Section 1 The Structure of Discourse(1):The Paragraph,the Discourse and the One-paragraph Discourse 2
Ⅰ．Sample:1 A Paragraph from"The Love of Beauty" 2
2 An Abstract of a Defining Article"Abstract" 3
3 A Summary of"Exploring Moderators of Gender Differences:Contextual Differences in Door-holding Behavior" 3
Ⅱ．Lecture:The Paragraph,the Discourse,and the One-paragraph Discourse 4
Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises 9
Ⅳ．Writing 10
Section 2 The Structure of Discourse(2):The Multi-paragraph Discourse 11
Ⅰ．Sample:The World's First Completely Automatic Railway 11
Ⅱ．Lecture:The Multi-paragraph Discourse 13
Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises 20
Ⅳ．Writing 22
Section 3 The Qualities of Discourse(1):Unity,Coherence,Clarity and Brevity 23
Ⅰ．Sample:1 Good Bad Books 23
2 Speech by IPC President Craven at Beijing Paralympics Opening Ceremony 26
Ⅱ．Lecture:Unity,Coherence,Clarity and Brevity 28
Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises 37
Ⅳ．Writing 41
Section 4 The Qualities of Discourse(2):Substantiality,Emphasis,Balance,Variation and Appropriateness 42
Ⅰ．Sample:1 Majora Carter 42
2 A Leaf from Heaven 43
Ⅱ．Lecture:Substantiality,Emphasis,Balance,Variation and Appropriateness 46
Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises 53
Ⅳ．Writing 56
Section 5 Composing a Discourse:Outlining and Drafting 57
Ⅰ．Sample:Time's Person of the Year:You 57
Ⅱ．Lecture:Outlining and Drafting 60
Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises 64
Ⅳ．Writing 67
Section 6 Modes of Discourse(1):Descriptive 68
Ⅰ．Sample:1 The Landscape of Wiltshire 68
2 The Middle Passage Ship 69
Ⅱ．Lecture:Developing Paragraphs by Description 71
Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises 77
Ⅳ．Writing 78
Section 7 Modes of Discourse(2):Narrative 79
Ⅰ．Sample:I Am Prepared to Die 79
Ⅱ．Lecture:Developing Paragraphs by Narration 82
Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises 85
Ⅳ．Writing 86
Section 8 Modes of Discourse(3):Expository-Deduction,Induction and Definition 87
Ⅰ．Sample:1 H1N1 Virus Attacks Deep into the Lungs 87
2 The Newtonian Relativity Principle 88
3 Nonrenewable Resources 89
Ⅱ．Lecture:Developing Paragraphs by Deduction,Induction and Definition 90
Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises 97
Ⅳ．Writing 98
Section 9 Modes of Discourse(4):Expository—Classification and Exemplification 99
Ⅰ．Sample:1 Science and Ethics 99
2 A Man to Remember 101
Ⅱ．Lecture:Developing Paragraphs by Classification and Exemplification 101
Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises 107
Ⅳ．Writing 109
Section 10 Modes of Discourse(5):Expository—Comparison/Contrast and Cause-Effect 110
Ⅰ．Sample:1 Japan and the USA:Different but Alike 110
2 A Scientific Experiment 111
Ⅱ．Lecture:Developing Paragraphs by Comparison/Contrast and Cause-Effect 113
Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises 120
Ⅳ．Writing 121
Section 11 Modes of Discourse(6):Argumentative—Organization 122
Ⅰ．Sample:The Neanderthal Should Be Classified as a Subspecies of Modern Man 122
Ⅱ．Lecture:Structural Organization of Argumentative Writing 125
Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises 130
Ⅳ．Writing 131
Section 12 Modes of Discourse(7):Argumentative—Development 132
Ⅰ．Sample:Letter from Birmingham Jail 132
Ⅱ．Lecture:Developing Paragraphs by Argumentation 135
Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises 141
Ⅳ．Writing 143
Chapter Ⅱ Correct and Effective Construction of Sentences 145
Section 1 Correct Use of Sentences in Grammar:Avoiding Syntactical Faults 146
Ⅰ．Sample:Carlyle Sharpe:A Campus Mainstay 146
Ⅱ．Lecture:Avoiding Syntactical Faults 148
Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises 156
Ⅳ．Writing 158
Section 2 Grammatical Structure with Rhetorical Effect(1):A Rhetorical Process of Sentence Construction 159
Ⅰ．Sample:Yahooligans at the Window 159
Ⅱ．Lecture:A Rhetorical Process of Sentence Construction 161
Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises 169
Ⅳ．Writing 171
Section 3 Grammatical Structure with Rhetorical Effect(2):Rhetorical Use of Sentences in Grammatical Patterns 172
Ⅰ．Sample:1 Man and Food 172
2 Partial Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003 172
3 The Declaration of Independence of the Thirteen Colonies 173
4 I Have a Dream 173
5 Spots Narrative—Track State Champion 174
6 Inspection(Prior to Palpation) 174
Ⅱ．Lecture:Rhetorical Use of Sentences in Grammatical Patterns 175
Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises 184
Ⅳ．Writing 186
Section 4 Grammatical Structure with Rhetorical Effect(3):Rhetorical Division of Sentences 187
Ⅰ．Sample:1 Google Yourself—And Enjoy It 187
2 Of Studies 189
Ⅱ．Lecture:Rhetorical Division of Sentences 190
Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises 195
Ⅳ．Writing 196
Section 5 Figurative Use of Sentences(1):Deviated from Norm,Appropriate in Style(A) 197
Ⅰ．Sample:I Have a Dream 197
Ⅱ．Lecture:Schemes and Related Syntactical Devices 201
Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises 208
Ⅳ．Writing 209
Section 6 Figurative Use of Sentences(2):Deviated from Norm,Appropriate in Style(B) 210
Ⅰ．Sample:1 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 210
2 We Shall Fight on the Beaches 211
3 Nine ETA Bombing Suspects Arrested 212
4 Children's Rhyme 213
Ⅱ．Lecture:More Schemes and Related Syntactical Devices 213
Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises 221
Ⅳ．Writing 222
Chapter Ⅲ Correct and Effective Use of Words 223
Section 1 Grammatical Use of Words:Correct in Grammar 225
Ⅰ．Sample:1 Haley Huddles with Top GOP Strategists 225
2 Bomb Went Off 226
3 Welcome to Pride in Diversity 226
4 A Northwest Distaste for Nuclear Power 227
5 Cairngorm Funicular Severely Criticized by Public Audit Committee 227
6 70 Percent of Chinese Women Content with Their Lives 228
Ⅱ．Lecture:Correct Use of Words in Grammar 228
Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises 237
Ⅳ．Writing 238
Section 2 Semantic Use of Words:Correct and Accurate in Meaning 239
Ⅰ．Sample:1 A Guide to Understanding Animals'Scientific Names 239
2 NAACP's New Chairwoman Hopes to Broaden Group's Base 241
Ⅱ．Lecture:Correct and Accurate in Meaning 242
Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises 248
Ⅳ．Writing 250
Section 3 Stylistic Choice of Words(1):Correct in Grammar,Appropriate in Style 251
Ⅰ．Sample:1 Where Else Dogs and Cats Are Eaten 251
2 Everybody Got Their Something 252
3 In the Workplace,Loyalty Is a Sometime Thing 252
4 Oscar Awards Portrayed an America Without Hope 253
5 Six Principles for Making New Things 253
Ⅱ．Lecture:Correct in Grammar,Appropriate in Style 254
Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises 263
Ⅳ．Writing 264
Section 4 Stylistic Choice of Words(2):Proper in Meaning,Appropriate in Style 265
Ⅰ．Sample:1 Job Application Letter 265
2 Personal Letter 267
Ⅱ．Lecture:Proper in Meaning,Appropriate in Style 268
Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises 273
Ⅳ．Writing 275
Section 5 Figurative Use of Words(1):Deviated from Norm,Appropriate in Style(A) 276
Ⅰ．Sample:1 All Quiet on the Western Front 276
2 We Are as the Deer 277
3 Call of the Mild 278
4 Rosa Multiflora 279
5 Romeo and Juliet 280
Ⅱ．Lecture:Tropes and Related Lexical Devices 280
Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises 287
Ⅳ．Writing 289
Section 6 Figurative Use of Words(2):Deviated from Norm,Appropriate in Style(B) 290
Ⅰ．Sample:1 Argument of H.S.Fitch,esq 290
2 Obama:Clinton MLK Comments"Ludicrous" 291
3 On Nature and Science 292
4 A Telephone Call 292
Ⅱ．Lecture:More Tropes and Related Lexical Devices 293
Ⅲ．Meditation and Exercises 299
Ⅳ．Writing 301
Reference Books and Articles 303