Part One Rhetoric 3
Chapter 1 Introduction 3
1．What Is Rhetoric? 3
2．Brief History of Western Rhetoric 5
3．Communicative Rhetoric and Aesthetic Rhetoric 6
4．Brief Introduction of Present-day Western Rhetoric 15
5．Why and How Is Rhetoric to Be Learned? 19
Exercise 1 25
Chapter 2 Figures of Speech 26
1．Introduction 26
2．Simile 27
3．Metaphor 29
4．Analogy 33
5．Personification 34
6．Synaesthesia 36
7．Hypallage 37
8．Verbal Symbol 38
9．Metonymy 39
10．Synecdoche 40
11．Antonomasia 41
12．Allusion 43
13．Periphrasis 45
14．Hyperbole 46
15．Understatement 47
16．Variation 49
17．Nicknaming 50
18．Alliteration 52
19．Assonance 54
20．Consonance 56
21．Homoeoteleuton 57
22．Paregmenon 58
23．Hendiadys 59
24．Epanorthosis 60
25．Repetition 61
26．Polysyndeton 64
27．Paradiastole 65
28．Polypunctuation 65
29．Tongue Twisters 66
30．Pleonasm 67
31．Ellipsis 68
32．Asyndeton and Parataxis 69
33．Sentence Fragment 69
34．Paraleipsis 70
35．Aposiopesis 71
36．Syllepsis 71
37．Zeugma 73
38．Antithesis 74
39．Oxymoron 75
40．Paradox 76
41．Epigram 76
42．Parallelism 77
43．Climax 79
44．Anticlimax 79
45．Represented Speech 80
46．Periodic Sentence 81
47．Ecphonesis or Exclamation 81
48．Dubitation 82
49．Pun 83
50．Irony 85
51．Innuendo 86
52．Satire 87
53．Rhetorical Question 87
54．Allegory 88
55．Inversion or Hyperbaton 91
56．Anagram 93
57．Palindrome 95
58．Malapropism 96
59．Spoonerism 97
60．Bull 98
61．Hysteron-proteron 98
62．Metastasis 99
63．Enallage or Functional Shift 99
64．Parody 100
65．Onomatopoeia 102
66．Mimesis 103
67．Graphic 103
68．Biblical Rhetoric 104
69．Prosopopoeia or Vision 104
70．Apostrophe 105
71．Prolepsis 106
Exercise 2 107
Part Two Writing 113
Chapter 1 General Principles of Writing 113
Exercise 3 116
Chapter 2 The Word 117
1．Diction 117
2．Estimation and Building Up of a Vocabulary 118
3．Words Preferable for Effectiveness 122
4．Denotation and Connotation 124
5．Synonyms 126
6．Euphemisms 128
7．Chinglish,Slang,Archaism,Jargon 129
8．Idioms and Idiomatic Expressions 133
9．Effective Use of Active Verbs 135
10．Formal and Informal Language 137
11．Loanwords 139
Exercise 4 142
Chapter 3 The Sentence 150
1．Characteristics of an Effective Sentence 150
1）Correctness 150
2）Unity 157
3）Clarity 159
4）Coherence 168
5）Emphasis 172
2．Kinds of Sentences 179
3．Appropriate Usage of Various Kinds of Sentences 182
4．Sentence Variety 184
5．Sentence Combining 188
6．Punctuation 192
Exercise 5 206
Chapter 4 The Paragraph 216
1．Introduction 216
1）Functions of the Paragraph 217
2）Qualities of an Effective Paragraph 218
3）Paragraph Development 239
4）Three Special Paragraphs 241
5）Transition between Paragraphs 248
6）Methods of Developing a Paragraph 250
2．Narration 250
1）What Is Narration? 250
2）How to Write a Narration? 251
（1）Decide upon a Theme 251
（2）Organize the Narrative in Temporal Order 253
（3）Build Conflict in the Plot 254
（4）Focus on the Character 258
（5）Select and Pace the Details 259
（6）Use Consistent Point of View 260
3．Description 261
1）What Is Description? 261
2）How to Write a Description? 262
（1）Establish a Dominant Impression 262
（2）Arrange the Description in Spatial Order 263
（3）Point of View 264
（4）Four Sub-types of Description 265
（5）Use Specific and Vivid Language 268
4．Exposition 269
1）What Is Exposition? 269
2）How to Write an Exposition? 270
（1）Definition 270
（2）Explanation 278
（3）Listing 285
（4）Examples 286
（5）Classification and Division 291
（6）Comparison and Contrast 295
5．Argumentation 301
1）What Is Argumentation? 301
2）How to Write an Argumentation? 302
（1）Distinguish Necessary,Sufficient and Contributory Causes 303
（2）Consider Both Immediate and Remote Causes 304
（3）Patterns of Causal Analysis 305
（4）Avoid Post Hoc Fallacy 307
（5）Avoid Circular Reasoning 307
（6）Explain Cause and Effect Explicitly 308
Exercise 6 309
Chapter 5 The Essay 330
1．What Is an Essay? 330
2．How to Write an Essay? 331
3．Pre-writing Steps 339
4．From Paragraph to Essay 345
5．Style and Tone 360
6．Evaluate Your Own Essay 365
Exercise 7 367
Chapter 6 Varieties of Writing 371
1．Introduction 371
2．Research Paper Writing 372
3．Report Writing 377
1）Business Reports 377
2）Journalistic Reports 379
4．Letter Writing 382
1）Personal Letters 382
2）Business Letters 384
3）Parts of a Letter 387
4）The Memo 393
5）Notes 393
5．Official Writing 396
6．Foreign Trade Writings 404
7．Comments 408
8．Public Speech 413
9．Biography 417
10．Tourist Guide 422
11．Advertising 425
12．Religious Writing&． 429
13．Other Types of Writing 433
Exercise 8 438
Appendix 440
Bibliography 442