Section One INTRODUCTION 3
Chapter 1 Looking Back on a Lifetime in Language Testing 3
Section Two READING IN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE 39
Chapter 2 Reading in a Foreign Language:a Reading Problem or a Language Problem? 39
Chapter 3 Testing Reading Comprehension Skills(Part One) 68
Section Three CLOZE TESTING 87
Chapter 4 The Cloze Procedure and Proficiency in English as a Foreign Language 87
Section Four BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE AND ESP TESTS 101
Chapter 5 The Effect of Students'Academic Discipline on Their Performance on ESP Reading Tests 101
Chapter 6 New Procedures for Validating Proficiency Tests of ESP?Theory and Practice 116
Chapter 7 Air Safety,Language Assessment policy,and policy Implementation:the Case of Aviation English 132
Section Five WASHBACK 155
Chapter 8 Does Washback Exist? 155
Chapter 9 TOEFL Preparation Courses:A Study of Washback 175
Chapter 10 Testing and Teaching:The Dream and the Reality 196
Section Six TESTING AND TEACHERS 219
Chapter 11 Testing Is Too Important to Be Left tO Testers 219
Section Seven METALINGUISTIC KNOWLEDGE AND TESTING 243
Chapter 12 Metalinguistic Knovleage,Language Aptitude and Language Proficiency 243
Section Eight COMPUTER-BASED TESTING 273
Chapter 13 Do Corpora Have a Role in Language Assessment? 273
Section Nine EIAGNOSTIC TESEING 289
Chapter 14 The Development of a Suite of Computer-based Diagnostic Tests Based on the Common European Framework 289
Chapter 15 The Challenge of(Diagnostic)Testing:Do We Know What We Are Measuring? 312
Section Ten CONSTRUCTS 341
Chapter 16 Judgements in Language Testing 341
Chapter 17 The Relationship Between Grammar and Reading in an English for Academic Purposes Test Battery 356
Chapter 18 Applied Linguistics and Language Testing:A Case Study of the ELTS Test 379
Section Eleven PRINCIPLES 409
Chapter 19 Standards in Testing:a Study of the Practice of UK Examination Boards in EFL/ESL Testing 409
Section Twelve POLITICS 443
Chapter 20 The Micropolitics of Research and Publication 443
Section Thirteen REFLECTIONS 479
Chapter 21 Reflections on Language Testing:What Next? 479
Bibliography 503