Abrief history of tongue diagnosis in China 1
Chapter 1 Anatomy and physiology of tongue 17
1.1 Generation and development of tongue 17
1.2 Anatomy of tongue 19
1.2.1 Mucous layer of tongue 19
1.2.2 Papillae of tongue 20
1.2.3 Taste buds of tongue 21
1.2.4 Muscles of tongue 24
1.2.5 Lingual nerves 26
1.2.6 Blood vessels of tongue 27
1.2.7 Lymph-vessels of tongue 31
1.2.8 Salivary glands of tongue 33
1.3 Physiology of tongue 35
1.4 Relationship between the tongue and the viscera and bowels and the channels and collaterals 37
Chapter 2 Sense of inspecting tongue manifestations 43
2.1 Expression of the congenital inherited information and biological characteristics 44
2.2 Clinical differentiation of syndromes and treatment for diseases 45
2.3 Guide to clinical medication 48
2.4 Diagnosis of the category,change,prognosis and prevention of disease 51
Chapter 3 Methods for inspecting tongue and points for attention 55
3.1 Basic methods and points for attention 55
3.1.1 Basic methods for inspecting tongue 55
3.1.2 Pay attention to inspecting all kinds of pathological changes of tongue manifestations 56
3.1.3 Don't forget to inquire the taste of sense 56
3.1.4 Light beam is the key problem in the inspection of the tongue manifestations 57
3.1.5 Judge whether the tongue disease is congenital or manifestation of special tongue diseases 57
3.2 Other points for attention 62
3.2.1 The food and drink factors 62
3.2.2 The medicine factor 63
3.2.3 Pay attention to season and environment 63
3.2.4 Pay attention to physiological situation 64
Chapter 4 Inspection of tongue manifestations 69
4.1 Normal tongue manifestations 69
4.2 Biological characteristics of tongue 70
4.2.1 Biological characteristics of lingual shape 70
4.2.2 Biological characteristics of tongue's texture 80
4.3 Pathological tongue manifestations 90
4.3.1 Pathological lingual shapes 90
4.3.2 Pathological lingual contour 91
4.3.3 Movement of pathological tongue 109
4.3.4 Color of pathological tongue 128
4.3.5 Pathological fur of tongue 137
4.3.6 Pathological vessels and changing parts of tongue 158
Chapter 5 Tongue manifestations of common TCM syndromes 169
5.1 Tongue manifestations of the eight-principles syndromes 169
5.1.1 Tongue manifestations of external syndrome 169
5.1.2 Tongue manifestations of internal syndrome 170
5.1.3 Tongue manifestations of cold syndrome 171
5.1.4 Tongue manifestations of heat syndrome 172
5.1.5 Tongue manifestations of deficiency syndrome 173
5.1.6 Tongue manifestations of excessive syndrome 174
5.1.7 Tongue manifestations of yin syndrome 176
5.1.8 Tongue manifestations of yang syndrome 177
5.2 Tongue manifestations of yin and yang syndromes 178
5.2.1 Tongue manifestations of yin deficiency syndrome 178
5.2.2 Tongue manifestations of yang deficiency syndrome 179
5.2.3 Tongue manifestations for the syndrome of flaming up of fire due to yin deficiency 181
5.2.4 Tongue manifestations for the syndrome of retention of fluid due to yang deficiency 182
5.3 Tongue manifestations for the syndromes of qi,blood,fluid 183
5.3.1 Tongue manifestations of qi deficiency syndrome 183
5.3.2 Tongue manifestations of blood deficiency syndrome 184
5.3.3 Tongue manifestations of blood stasis syndrome 186
5.3.4 Tongue manifestations of qi-yin deficiency syndrome 190
5.3 5 Tongue manifestations of qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome 192
5.3.6 Tongue manifestations of fluid-retention syndrome 195
5.4 Tongue manifestations of viscera and bowels'syndromes 196
5.4.1 Tongue manifestations of heart-yin deficiency syndrome 196
5.4.2 Tongue manifestations of heart-yang deficiency syndrome 197
5.4.3 Tongue manifestations of heart-fire exuberance syndrome 198
5.4.4 Tongue manifestations for the syndrome of heart attack by retained fluid 199
5.4.5 Tongue manifestations for the deficiency syndromes of both heart and spleen 201
5.4.6 Tongue manifestations of the heart-vessel obstruction syndrome 202
5.4.7 Tongue manifestations for the syndrome of liver-yang hyperactivity 204
5.4 8 Tongue manifestations for the syndrome of flaming-up of liver-fire 205
5.4.9 Tongue manifestations for the stasis syndrome of liver blood 207
5.4.10 Tongue manifestations for the deficiency syndrome of spleen-qi 209
5.4.11 Tongue manifestations for the syndrome of damp-heat in spleen and stomach 210
5.4.12 Tongue manifestations of stomach heat syndrome 212
5.4.13 Tongue manifestations of stomach-yin deficiency syndrome 213
5.4.14 Tongue manifestations of lung-yang deficiency syndrome 214
5.4.15 Tongue manifestations of pulmonary qi-yin deficiency syndrome 215
5.4.16 Tongue manifestations for the syndrome of lung attack by dampness-cold 217
5.4.17 Tongue manifestations of large intestine heat-accumulating syndrome 218
5.4.18 Tongue manifestations for the syndrome of kidney's failure to maintenance of normal inspiration 219
5.4.19 Tongue manifestations of kidney yin-yang deficiency syndrome 221
5.4.20 Tongue manifestations for the yang deficiency syndrome of spleen and kidney 223
5.5 Tongue manifestations for the syndromes of pericardium and triple energizer 224
5.5.1 Syndrome of heat-evil attacking the pericardium 224
5.5.2 Syndrome of mental confusion due to phlegm 225
5.5.3 Syndrome of upper energizer's heat 226
5.5.4 Syndrome of middle energizer's heat 227
5.5.5 Syndrome of lower energizer's heat 228
5.6 Tongue manifestations for the syndromes of the six meridians 229
5.6.1 Cold-stroke syndrome of greater yang 229
5.6.2 Blood-retention syndrome of greater yang 231
5.6.3 The excessive syndrome of yang brightness bowel 232
Chapter 6 Tongue manifestations of common diseases 237
6.1 Tongue manifestations of bronchitis 237
6.2 Tongue manifestations of pneumonia 238
6.3 Tongue manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD) 241
6.4 Tongue manifestations of chronic gastritis 244
6.5 Tongue manifestations of peptic ulcer 246
6.6 Tongue manifestations of gastroduodenal perforation 250
6.7 Tongue manifestations of gastric cancer 252
6.8 Tongue manifestations of intestinal obstruction 256
6.9 Tongue manifestations of appendicitis 259
6.10 Tongue manifestations of abdominal tuberculosis 261
6.11 Tongue manifestations of acute pancreatitis 263
6.12 Tongue manifestations of chronic pancreatitis 266
6.13 Tongue manifestations of biliary tract infection and cholelithiasis 267
6.14 Tongue manifestations of cirrhosis 270
6.15 Tongue manifestations of portal hypertension 273
6 16 Tongue manifestations of primary liver cancer 276
6.17 Tongue manifestations of rheumatic heart disease 280
6.18 Tongue manifestations of coronary heart disease 282
6.19 Tongue manifestations of chronic pulmonary heart disease 284
6.20 Tongue manifestations of myocardial infarction 289
6.21 Tongue manifestations of congenital heart disease 290
6.22 Tongue manifestations of chronic glomerular nephritis 293
6.23 Tongue manifestations of nephrotic syndrome 295
6.24 Tongue manifestations of anemia 297
6.25 Tongue manifestations of leukemia and aplastic anemia 298
6.26 Tongue manifestations of diabetes mellitus 302
6.27 Tongue manifestations of hyperthyroidism 305
6.28 Tongue manifestations of cerebral infarction 308
6.29 Tongue manifestations of complication of biliary tract,pancreas,or ampulla 311
6.30 Tongue manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis and tuberculous pleurisy 314
Chapter 7 Glossopathy related with tongue manifestations 319
7.1 Migratory glossitis 319
7.2 Hairy tongue 320
7.3 Atrophic glossitis 320
7.4 Amyloidosis of tongue 321
7.5 Lingual lichen planus 322
7.6 Lingual moniliasis 323
7.7 Lingual keratoses 325
7.8 Lingual leukoplakia 325
7.9 Lingual scleroderma 326
7.10 Myrica tongue 327
7.11 Lingual primary herpes simplex 327
7.12 Sublingual varices 328
7.13 Glossodynia 328
7.14 Lingual traumatic ulcer 329
7.15 Lingual infectious syndromes 330
7.16 Lingual actinomycoses 331
7.17 Lingual tumor and tumor-like pathological change 331
Chapter 8 A brief introduction to objective research methods of tongue diagnosis and the significance of application 333
8.1 The method of inspecting the tongue with naked eyes 333
8.2 The method of color pictures 333
8.3 Video recording of tongue manifestations 334
8.4 Inspection on the structure of tongue surface 334
8.5 Comparison of tongue colors 334
8.6 Inspection of the tongue impedance volumetric wave diagram 334
8.7 Measurement of the salivary amylase 335
8.8 Inspection of the saliva lysozyme 335
8.9 Testing of the oral pH value 335
8.10 Measurement of the width of sublingual veins with the paper ruler 336
8.11 Measurement of the secretion quantity of saliva in the oral cavity 336
8.12 Measurement of dry-wet state on the surface of tongue 336
8.13 Measurement of the saliva ions 336
8.14 Measurement of microelements in saliva 337
8.15 Measurement of immune globulin in saliva 337
8.16 Measurement of endotoxin 337
8.17 Incubation of bacteria and mildew on the surface of tongue 337
8.18 Ultrasonic inspection of tongue 337
8.19 Inspection of the exfoliated cells on the surface of tongue 339
8.20 Inspection of microcirculation at the tip of tongue 340
8.21 Inspection of the blood viscosity 341
8.22 Inspection of the infrared thermography 342
8.23 Measurement of the blood flow in the shallow layer of tongue 342
8.24 Fluorescence inspection of the tongue 342
8.25 Measurement of the tongue's temperature 343
8.26 Electrical stimulation reaction of the tongue 343
8.27 Pathological inspection of the tongue with photo-mirror 343
8.28 Electron microscopic pathology of the tongue 343
8.29 Animal models of tongue 344
8.30 Research of tongue diagnosis with computer 345
Chapter 9 Research on the tongue diagnosis 347
9.1 Clinical research on the tongue diagnosis 347
9.1.1 Clinical analysis on the tongue manifestations of 130 patients suffering from primary liver cancer 347
9.1.2 Value of tongue diagnosis in the diagnosis of celiac tuberculosis 353
9.1.3 Inspection and research on the tongue manifestations of 246 patients suffered from pancreatitis 356
9.1.4 Analysis on the tongue manifestations of 489 patients suffered from acute appendicitis 359
9.1.5 Application of tongue manifestation identification in the diagnosis for gastroduodenal perforation 363
9.1.6 Understanding on the inspection of tongue manifestations of 213 elderly patients suffered from acute abdominal pains 366
9.1.7 Inspection on the tongue manifestations of 614 cases with five kinds of acute abdominal pains 368
9.1.8 Instructing the diagnosis and therapy of abdominal surgical diseases in the perioperative period by the method of inspecting the tongue manifestations 374
9.1.9 Important role of tongue diagnosis played in the diagnosis and differentiation of acute abdomen 379
9.2 Research on the tongue manifestations of different syndromes 382
9.2.1 Research on the tongue manifestations of blood stasis syndrome 382
9.2.2 Research on the syndrome of qi-yin deficiency of the red and bright tongue 387
9.2.3 Clinical and experimental research on the tongue manifestations of yang brightness bowel's excessive syndrome in acute abdomen 392
9.2.4 Viewing the combination of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine from three syndrome types of tongue diagnosis 396
9.3 Clinical research on the objectification of tongue diagnosis 400
9.3.1 Research on the indices of tongue manifestations of stasis syndrome 400
9.3.2 Research on tongue's texture 403
9.3.3 Inspection on the blood stasis degree of microcirculation at the tongue tips of patients suffered from gastric cancer 406
9.3.4 Inspection on the microcirculation at the tongue tip of 106 patients suffered from liver cancer 410
9.3.5 Ultrasonic inspection and measurement on tongues of 126 patients suffered from portal hypertension 412
9.3.6 Sense of measuring ions,trace elements and immunoglobulin in saliva for the research on tongue manifestation of qi-yin deficiency syndrome 414
9.3.7 Sense of measuring lysozyme in the diagnosis of biliary tract diseases 415
9.3.8 Research on the tongue impedance volumetric wave diagram of patients suffered from gastric cancer 417
9.3.9 Method of inspecting pH value in oral cavity and the clinical sense of clinical application 419
9.3.10 Research on the detection of saliva amylase in oral cavities of 600 patients suffered from acute abdominal pains 421
9.3.11 Understandings acquired by modern medical means for carrying out an overall and systematic research of the tongue diagnosis in traditional Chinese medicine 423
9.3.12 Application and analysis of objectified inspection methods in the tongue diagnosis 434
9.4 Device for objectification of tongue diagnosis and the research on its application 437
9.4.1 Research and application of HR-I tongue color chromometer 437
9.4.2 Ultrasonic inspection and measurement of tongue 442
9.4.3 Research,development and application of XSP-16A Viewer for inspection of the structure on the surface of tongue 445
9.4.4 Research on the tongue impedance volumetric wave figure 447
9.5 Fabrication of animal models for study of tongue manifestations 451
9.5.1 Fabrication of animal models and experimental research on the tongue manifestations of portal hypertension 451
9.5.2 Fabrication of animal models for study of the tongue manifestations of qi-yin deficiency syndrome 454
9.5.3 Animal modeling for study of the tongue manifestations of yang brightness bowel's excessive syndrome 456
9.5.4 Fabrication of animal models for study of the tongue manifestations of drug-induced hepatitis and cirrhosis 458
9.6 Computer research of tongue diagnosis 461
9.6.1 Research,fabrication and application of tongue image collecting equipment 461
9.6.2 Establishment and application of tongue images database system 468
9.6.3 Research on establishment of computerized tongue diagnosis system 480
9.6.4 Tongue shape classification system for medical diagnosis 493
9.6.5 Pixel based tongue color analysis 508
9.6.6 Fungiform papillae hyperplasia(FPH)identification by tongue texture analysis 525
9.6.7 Automatic classification of tongue prints in healthy and unhealthy individuals 537
9.6.8 Multi-feature fusion analysis on tongue images of chronic gastritis 542
9.6.9 Computerized processing and analysis on tongue texture of serious chronic gastritis 552
9.6.10 Automated extraction methods of Petechia Speck and Petechia Spot in tongue images 558
9.6.11 Computerized feature quantification of sublingual veins from colorized sublingual images 566
9.6.12 Segmentation of sublingual veins from near infrared sublingual images 585
9.7 Research on the forming mechanism of tongue manifestations 593
9.7.1 Research on the bluish violet tongue 593
9.7.2 Clinical and experimental research on the tongue manifestations of hepatitis,portal hypertension,and liver cancer 596
9.7.3 Research on the forming mechanism of tongue manifestations for the syndrome of blood stagnation 603
References on the Tongue Diagnostics 613
References on the tongue diagnosis from 1990 to 2003 619