Chapter 1 The Structure of the English Sentence 1
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Morphemes 3
1.1.1 Roots 4
1.1.2 Affixes 4
1.2 Words 8
1.2.1 Word classes 8
1.2.2 Word classes in relation to meaning 10
1.2.3 Word-formation 11
1.3 Phrases 13
1.3.1 The noun phrase 13
1.3.2 The verb phrase 14
1.3.3 The adjective phrase 14
1.3.4 The adverb phrase 14
1.3.5 The prepositional phrase 15
1.4 Clauses 15
1.4.1 Subject and predicate 15
1.4.2 Clause patterns 16
1.4.3 Functions 17
1.5 Sentences 18
1.5.1 Simple,compound and complex sentences 18
1.5.2 Statements,questions,commands and exclamations 19
1.6 Text 20
1.7 Exercises 22
Chapter 2 Sentence Types 24
2.0 Introduction 24
2.1 Statements 25
2.1.1 Assertion vs.non-assertion 26
2.1.2 Negation 28
2.1.3 Other functions of statements 34
2.2 Questions 35
2.2.1 YES-NO questions 35
2.2.2 WH-questions 35
2.2.3 Alternative questions 36
2.2.4 Tag questions 37
2.3 Commands 38
2.4 Exclamations 40
2.4.1 WHAT-exclamations 40
2.4.2 HOW-exclamations 41
2.5 Exercises 42
Chapter 3 Noun and Noun Phrase（1）:Noun and Number 44
3.0 Introduction 44
3.1 Noun classes 44
3.2 Number 46
3.2.1 Singular invariables 46
3.2.2 Plural invariables 48
3.2.3 Irregular plurals 49
3.3 Unit nouns 53
3.4 Exercises 56
Chapter 4 Noun and Noun Phrase（2）:Determiner and Genitive 58
4.0 Introduction 58
4.1 Determiners 58
4.1.1 Functions of determiners 58
4.1.2 Co-occurrence of determiners 59
4.1.3 Usage of some determiners 64
4.1.4 Articles 71
4.2 Genitives 92
4.2.1 Forms of genitive 92
4.2.2 The genitive vs.theof-phrase 93
4.2.3 Group genitive 99
4.2.4 Local genitive 100
4.2.5 Double genitive 102
4.3 Exercises 103
Chapter 5 Verb and Verb Phrase（1）:Tense,Aspect and Future 105
5.0 Introduction 105
5.0.1 Classification of verbs 105
5.0.2 System of two tenses and two aspects 112
5.1 Tense 113
5.1.1 Simple present 113
5.1.2 Simple past 120
5.2 Aspect 125
5.2.1 Present progressive 125
5.2.2 Past progressive 129
5.2.3 Present perfect and present perfect progressive 132
5.2.4 Past perfect and past perfect progressive 139
5.3 Future 143
5.3.1 Will/shall＋infinitive 143
5.3.2 Be going to＋infinitive 146
5.3.3 Present progressive 147
5.3.4 Simple present 148
5.3.5 Other constructions expressing future time 149
5.4 Exercises 152
Chapter 6 Verb and Verb Phrase（2）:Passive Voice and Subjunctive Mood 154
6.0 Introduction 154
6.1 Passive voice 154
6.1.1 Be-passive,get-passive and pseudo-passive 155
6.1.2 Voice constraints 157
6.1.3 By-phrase 163
6.1.4 Passive voice of multi-word verbs 164
6.1.5 Passive voice of non-finite verbs 170
6.2 Subiunctive mood 171
6.2.1 Be-subjunctive 172
6.2.2 Were-subjunctive 175
6.3 Exercises 176
Chapter 7 Verb and Verb Phrase（3）:Modal Auxiliaries 178
7.0 Introduction 178
7.1 Can and may 183
7.1.1 Can and could 183
7.1.2 May and might 190
7.1.3 Can vs.may 195
7.2 Will and shall 199
7.2.1 Will/would（'ll/'d） 199
7.2.2 Shall/should 203
7.3 Should and ought to 206
7.3.1 Should 206
7.3.2 Ought to 207
7.3.3 Should vs.ought to 208
7.4 Must,need,have（got）to 211
7.4.1 Must 211
7.4.2 Need 213
7.4.3 Have（got）to 214
7.5 Dare 217
7.6 Exercises 218
Chapter 8 Verb and Verb Phrase（4）:Non-finite Verbs 220
8.0 Introduction 220
8.1 Infinitive 221
8.1.1 Bare infinitive 223
8.1.2 To-infinitive 232
8.1.3 Other uses of infinitive 238
8.2 -ing participle 248
8.2.1 Object to verb 250
8.2.2 Logical subject 253
8.2.3 Infinitive or-ing participle 254
8.3 -ed participle 259
8.3.1 -ed participle as a premodifier 261
8.3.2 -ed participle as a complement 264
8.4 Dangling participle 265
8.5 Exercises 267
Chapter 9 Adjective Phrase and Comparison 269
9.0 Introduction 269
9.1 Syntactic features of adjectives 272
9.1.1 Structure of the adjective phrase 273
9.1.2 Attributive adjectives and predicative adjectives 276
9.2 Semantic classification of adjectives 282
9.2.1 Stative adjectives vs.dynamic adjectives 282
9.2.2 Gradable adjectives vs.non-gradable adjectives 284
9.2.3 Inherent adjectives vs.non-inherent adjectives 286
9.2.4 Restrictive adjectives vs.non-restrictive adjectives 287
9.2.5 Marked adjectives vs.unmarked adjectives 287
9.3 Ordering of pre-modifying adjectives 288
9.4 Comparison 291
9.4.1 Forms of comparison 291
9.4.2 Usage notes 297
9.4.3 Comparative construction 300
9.4.4 Ellipsis in comparative sentences 305
9.4.5 Other expressions of comparison 306
9.5 Exercises 308
Chapter 10 Preposition and Prepositional Phrase 310
10.0 Introduction 310
10.1 Forms of prepositions 311
10.1.1 Simple prepositions 311
10.1.2 Complex prepositions 311
10.2 Meanings of prepositions 314
10.2.1 Prepositions relating to place 315
10.2.2 Prepositions relating to time 323
10.2.3 Prepositions denoting other relations 329
10.3 Collocations of prepositions with verbs,adjectives and nouns 331
10.3.1 Subject matter:about,on 331
10.3.2 Material,ingredient:with,of,out of;substance:from 332
10.3.3 Standard:for,at 333
10.3.4 Reaction:at,to 334
10.4 Exercises 335
Chapter 11 The coordination and Subordination 337
11.0 Introduction 337
11.1 Coordination 339
11.1.1 Coordinators 339
11.1.2 Punctuation between coordinated units 344
11.2 Subordination 347
11.2.1 Subordinators 348
11.2.2 Subordinate clauses 349
11.3 Exercises 353
Chapter 12 Relative Clause 355
12.0 Introduction 355
12.1 Restrictiveness and non-restrictiveness 355
12.2 Antecedent 356
12.2.1 Nominal antecedent 357
12.2.2 Non-nominal antecedent 362
12.3 Choice of relative pronouns 364
12.3.1 Relative pronouns in restrictive relative clauses 364
12.3.2 Relative pronouns in on-restrictive relative clauses 368
12.3.3 Relative adverb 369
12.4 Double relative clause 371
12.5 Exercises 373
Chapter 13 Adverbials 375
13.0 Introduction 375
13.1 Adjuncts 377
13.1.1 Time adjuncts 377
13.1.2 Place adjuncts 386
13.1.3 Process adjuncts 389
13.1.4 Contingency adjuncts 392
13.1.5 Other adjuncts 401
13.2 Disjuncts 402
13.3 Conjuncts 408
13.3.1 Enumeration-conjuncts 409
13.3.2 Addition-conjuncts 410
13.3.3 Transition-conjuncts 411
13.3.4 Summation-conjuncts 412
13.3.5 Explanation-conjuncts 412
13.3.6 Contrast-conjuncts 413
13.3.7 Result-conjuncts 413
13.3.8 Inference-conjuncts 414
13.3.9 Concession-conjuncts 414
13.4 Exercises 415
Chapter 14 Concord 419
14.0 Introduction 419
14.1 Principles of concord 420
14.2 Subject-verb concord 424
14.2.1 Collective nouns as subject 424
14.2.2 Coordinated noun phrases as subject 427
14.2.3 Expressions of quantity as subject 432
14.2.4 Nominal clauses as subject 435
14.2.5 Concord in the existential sentence 436
14.2.6 Concord in the relative sentence 437
14.3 Pronoun concord 438
14.4 Exercises 440
Chapter 15 Information Structure and Emphasis 442
15.0 Introduction 442
15.1 Information structure 443
15.1.1 Given and new information 444
15.1.2 Information focus 446
15.2 Postponement 449
15.2.1 Passive voice 450
15.2.2 Extraposition 452
15.2.3 Discontinuity 454
15.2.4 Other types of postponement 456
15.3 Fronting 457
15.4 Inversion 459
15.4.1 Partial inversion 460
15.4.2 Complete inversion 462
15.5 Cleaving 463
15.5.1 Cleft sentence 463
15.5.2 Pseudo-cleft sentence 465
15.6 Existential sentence 466
15.6.1 Information structure of existential sentence 466
15.6.2 Grammatical features of existential sentence 467
15.7 Exercises 469
Chapter 16 Cohesion 472
16.0 Introduction 472
16.1 Reference 474
16.1.1 Reference by pronouns 475
16.1.2 Reference by demonstratives 478
16.1.3 Reference by comparison 481
16.2 Substitution 483
16.2.1 Nominal Substitution by one 484
16.2.2 Verbal substitution by do 485
16.2.3 Clausal substitution by so or not 486
16.3 Ellipsis 486
16.3.1 Nominal ellipsis 487
16.3.2 Verbal ellipsis 487
16.3.3 Clausal ellipsis 488
16.4 Other cohesive devices 489
16.4.1 Transition 489
16.4.2 Repetition 491
16.4.3 Parallelism 492
16.5 Exercises 493
Key to the Exercises 495
Glossary 505
Bibliography 514