Part One Testing Proficiency and Achievement 1
1．Testing Proficiency and Achievement:Principles and Practice 3
2．Metalinguistic Knowledge,Language Aptitude and Language Proficiency 21
3．Diagnosing Foreign Language Proficiency:A Teaching/Testing Interface 33
4．Bands and Scores 44
5．Sequencing as an Item Type 62
6．Native and Nonnative Speaker Performance on Cloze Tests 88
7．The Effect on the Cloze Test of Changes in Deletion Frequency 107
8．The Testing of Reading 119
9．Testing Reading Comprehension Skills(Part Two):Getting Students to Talk about Taking a Reading Test(a Pilot Study) 142
10．The CEFR and the Need for More Research 189
11．What Does PESTI Have to Do with Us Testers? 196
Part Two Testing English for Specific Purposes 217
12．Testing English for Specific Purposes:How Specific Can We Get? 219
13．Testing and Its Administration in ESP 234
14．A Course in Testing and Evaluation for ESP Teachers or"How Bad Were My Tests?" 246
15．Testing in EAP:Progress?Achievement?Proficiency? 266
Part Three Language Testing and Program Evaluation 289
16．The State of Language Testing in the 1990s 291
17．Language Testing in the 1990s:How Far Have We Come?How Much Further Have We to Go? 312
18．Examining Washback:the Sri Lankan Impact Study 337
19．Computers in Language Testing 366
20．Technology in Testing:the Present and the Future 378
21．Innovations and Challenges in Diagnostic Testing 391
22．Evaluating a Placement Test 412
23．Guidelines for the Evaluation of Language Education 436
24．Towards a Theory of Participatory Evaluation:Insights from Applied Linguistics 468