CHAPTER 1 The Evolution of Oxygen TransportHPWOLVEKAMP 1
Ⅰ．The Call for Oxygen by the Tissues 2
Ⅱ．The Diffusion Process 4
Ⅲ．The Acceleration of Oxygen Transport by Circulating Blood without Blood Pigments 7
Ⅳ．General Significance of Blood Pigments for the Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 8
Ⅴ．Properties of the Blood Pigments 9
Ⅵ．Storing of Oxygen by Cellular Haemoglobin 23
Ⅶ．The States of Carbon Dioxide in Blood 25
Ⅷ．The Erythrocyte and Blood Gas Transport 35
Ⅸ．Adaptations 44
Ⅹ．The Development of the Blood Gas Transport in the Great Systematic Units 52
Ⅺ．Blood Gas Transport and Disease 61
Ⅻ．Gaps in our Knowledge due to Technical and Methodical Difficulties 64
References 65
Appendix 71
CHAPTER 2 Why Are Red Cells the Shape They Are?The Evolution of the Human Red CellHLEHMANN AND RGHUNTSMAN 73
Ⅰ．The Limitations of Diffusion 73
Ⅱ．The Nature of the Haemoglobin Molecule 78
Ⅲ．The Evolutionary Significance of the Respiratory Pigments 90
Ⅳ．The Maturation of the Human Red Cell and the Significance of theReticulocyte 113
References 140
Appendix 148
CHAPTER 3 The Significance of the Red Cell AntigensAEMOURANT 149
Ⅰ．Introduction 149
Ⅱ．Racial Distribution of the Blood Groups 154
Ⅲ．Blood Groups and Diseases 159
Ⅳ．Blood Groups in Animals 164
Ⅴ．Natural Selection and Evolution 166
References 168
CHAPTER 4 The Influence of Disturbed Metabolism on the Morphology of Blood CellsOLIVER PJONES 170
Ⅰ．Introduction 170
Ⅱ．Erythropoiesis 185
Ⅲ．Granulocytopoiesis 219
Ⅳ．Lymphopoiesis 233
Ⅴ．Reticulo-endothelial System 248
Ⅵ．Platelet Forming Apparatus 256
References 260
CHAPTER 5 The Evolution of the LeucocytesWILLIAM HOLMES 271
Ⅰ．The Problem 271
Ⅱ．The Evidence Available 272
Ⅲ．Conclusion 281
References 281
CHAPTER 6 The Evolution of the Haemostatic MechanismLVHEILBRUNN 283
Ⅰ．Introduction 283
Ⅱ．The Surface Precipitation Reaction 284
Ⅲ．Relation of Protoplasmic Clotting to Blood Clotting 290
Ⅳ．Conclusion 298
References 298
CHAPTER 7 The Reaction of the Blood to InjuryRGMACFARLANE 303
Ⅰ．The Normal Flow of Blood 303
Ⅱ．The Blood Changes in Inflamed Tissues 309
Ⅲ．Blood Coagulation 321
Ⅳ．Clot Retraction 333
Ⅴ．Fibrinolysis 335
Ⅵ．Conclusion 337
References 343
CHAPTER 8 Homeostasis of the Blood Cell ElementsHOWARD RBIERMAN 349
Ⅰ．Introduction 350
Ⅱ．General Considerations of the Duration of Life of Blood Cells 351
Ⅲ．Conditions which Influence the Normal Haematodynamic Equilibrium 352
Ⅳ．Nutritional Factors 363
Ⅴ．Plasma Haematopoietic Factors 369
Ⅵ．Mechanisms of Erythrocyte Equilibrium 371
Ⅶ．Mechanisms of Leucocyte Equilibrium 380
Ⅷ．Mechanisms of Platelet Equilibrium 390
Ⅸ．Disturbances in the Haematodynamic Equilibrium Leading to Pathological States 392
Conclusion 406
References 407
CHAPTER 9 The Maintenance of Milieu IntérieurJPBULL 419
Ⅰ．Introduction 419
Ⅱ．Relation of Concentration and Volume 420
Ⅲ．Analogy with Servo-mechanisms 421
Ⅳ．Examples of Homeostatic Mechanisms 423
Ⅴ．Maintenance of Chemical Integrity 427
Ⅵ．Some Biological Implications 428
References 429
CHAPTER 10 The Function of the Blood in the Transport of Fatty AcidsDSROBINSON 431
Ⅰ．Introduction 431
Ⅱ．The Plasma Lipids in the Post-absorptive State 432
Ⅲ．The Metabolism of the Plasma Lipoproteins in the Post-absorptive State 434
Ⅳ．The Role of the Plasma Phosphatides and Cholesterol Esters in Fatty Acid Transport 436
Ⅴ．The Transport of Fatty Acid in the Blood during the Absorption of a Fatty Meal 438
Ⅵ．The Removal of Dietary Fat from the Blood as Chylomicra 440
Ⅶ．The Lipolytic System Induced by Heparin Injection 443
Ⅷ．The Transport in the Blood of Fatty Acid Mobilized from the Depots 446
Ⅸ．The Recycling of Fatty Acids in the Body 450
Ⅹ．Concluding Remarks 451
References 452
CHAPTER 11 Chemotaxis and PhagocytosisHHARRIS 463
Ⅰ．Introduction 463
Ⅱ．Chemotaxis 465
Ⅲ．Phagocytosis 480
Acknowledgements 492
References 492
CHAPTER 12 ComplementOTTO JPLESCIA AND MICHAEL HEIDELBERGER 495
Ⅰ．Introduction 495
Ⅱ．Physical-chemical Aspects of Immune Haemolysis 496
Ⅲ．Complement-fixation 509
Ⅳ．Chemical Nature of Complement 513
Ⅴ．Complement and Disease 516
Ⅵ．Conclusion 521
References 521
CHAPTER 13 The Role of the Blood Plasma in Bodily Maintenance and RepairFELIX HAUROWITZ 527
Ⅰ．Introduction 527
Ⅱ．The Plasma Proteins and Their Carrier Function 528
Ⅲ．Formation and Breakdown of the Plasma Proteins 547
Ⅳ．The Function of the Blood Plasma in the Immunological Response 561
Ⅴ．Concluding Remarks 588
References 589
AUTHOR INDEX 603
SUBJECT INDEX 627