PARTⅠ OIL SHALE 1
Chapter 1 Resources and Occurrence 1
Section 1 Major Oil Shale Mining Areas 1
Section 2 Other Areas 3
Chapter 2 Formation of Oil Shale 6
Section 1 Process of Oil Shale Formation 6
Section 2 Age of Formation 12
Section 3 Geographical Environment 13
REFERENCES 16
Section 1 Organic Matter in Oil Shale 18
Chapter 3 Composition and Properties of Oil Shale 18
Section 2 Mineral Matter in Oil Shale 24
Section 3 Physical Properties of Oil Shale 26
Section 4 Evaluation and Analysis of Oil Shale 30
Section 5 Oxidation of Oil Shale 35
REFERENCES 36
Chapter 4 Mining and Transport of Oil Shale 37
PARTⅡ OIL SHALE RETORTING 41
Chapter 1 Pre-treatment of Raw Shale 41
Section 1 Flow Scheme of Raw Shale Pre-treatment 41
Section 2 Crushing and Screening Equipment 44
Section 3 Transport and Storage of Raw Shale 45
Chapter 2 An Outline of Oil Shale Pyrolysis 46
Section 1 General Processes and Mechanism of Pyrolysis 46
Section 2 Effect of Heating Conditions on Oil Shale Pyrolysis 48
Section 3 Gasification Performance of Retorted Shale 63
Section 4 Formation of Ammonia in Oil Shale Retorting 67
REFERENCES 70
Chapter 3 Fushun-type Retort 71
Section 1 Development of Fushun-type Retort 71
Section 1 Principles and Process Description 74
Section 3 Structure of Fushun -type Retort 79
Scetion 4 Operation Control 83
Section 5 Characteristics of Fushun-type Retort 85
Section 6 Improvement of Fushun-type Retort 86
Section 7 Maoming Cylindrical Retort 94
REFERENCES 100
Chapter 4 Rectangular Gas Combustion Retort 101
Section 1 Principles, Structure and Flow Scheme 101
Section 2 Operetion of Rectangular Gas Combustion Retort 105
Chapter 5 Other Types of Retorts 109
Section 1 Fluid Bed Pyrolysis Test of Shale Fines 109
Section 2 Pyrolysis Test of Particulate Shale in Jalousie-type Retort 110
REFERENCES 112
Section 3 Pyrolysis of Shale Fines by Solid Heat Carrier 112
Chapter 6 Condensation and Recovery of Pyrolysis Products 113
Section 1 Flow Scheme of Condensation and Recovery 113
Section 2 Condensation and Recovery Equipment 121
Section 3 Ammonia Recovery 126
Section 4 Recovery of Gas Naphtha 129
Section 5 Recovery of Hydrogen Sulfide and Pyridine Bases 130
PART Ⅲ PROCESSING OF SHALE OIL 131
Chapter 1 Composition and Properties of Shale Oil 131
Section 1 Properties and Evaluation of Shale Oil 131
Section 2 Composition of Shale Oil 139
Section 3 Physico-chemical Properties of Shale Oil 149
REFERENCES 167
Chapter 2 Shale Oil Processs Scheme 168
Section 1 Process Schemes of Shale Oil Refining 168
Section 2 Experimental Process Schemes 171
Section 3 Some Comments On Shale Oil Processing 173
REFERENCES 174
Chapter 3 Processing and Treating of Shale Oil 175
Section 1 Distillation 175
Section 2 Dewaxing and Wax Manufacturing 179
Section 3 Destructive Thermal Processing 184
Section 4 Synthetic Lubricating Oil from Light Oil 188
Section 5 Acid-Alkali Treatment of Gasoline and Diesel Fuel 190
REFERENCES 192
Chapter 4 Hydrorefining of Shale Oil 193
Section 1 Two-Stage Hydrorefining of Light Gas Oil No.1 194
Section 2 Single-Stage Hydrorefining of Light Gas Oil No.1 198
Section 3 Hydrorefining of Light Gas Oil No.2 211
Section 4 Hydrorefining of Gas Naphta 216
Section 5 Hydrorefining of Thermally Cracked Light Gas Oil 217
REFERENCES 220
Chapter 1 Comprehensive Utilization 221
Section 1 Burning of Oil Shale for Steam Generation 221
PART Ⅳ COMPREHENSIVE UTILIZATION，ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION，AND OUTLOOK 221
Section 2 Utilization of Shale Ash 228
Section 3 Extraction and Utilization of Chemicals from Shale Oil 234
REFERENCES 235
Chapter 2 Environmental Protection 237
Section 1 Waste Water Treatment 237
Section 2 Disposal of Oil Sludge 245
Section 3 Noise and Dust Control 245
REFERENCES 247
Chapter 3 Economics and Outlook of Shale Oil Industry 248
Section 1 Economics of Shale Oil Industry 248
Section 2 Outlook of Shale Oil Industry 254