Unit 1 Phonetics-the Science of Speech 1
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Branches of Phonetics 2
1.3 Speech Production 4
1.4 Articulation 6
1.5 Applications 10
1.6 Test Yourself 17
Unit 2 International Phonetic Alphabet 20
2.1 Overview 20
2.2 The International Phonetic Alphabet 23
2.3 Narrow vs Broad Transcription 26
2.4 Cardinal Vowels 31
2.5 Applications 35
2.6 Test Yourself 38
Unit 3 Classification of Speech Sounds 41
3.1 Overview 41
3.2 Vowels and Consonants 44
3.3 Contoid and Vocoid 48
3.4 English Vowels and Consonants 50
3.5 Applications 53
3.6 Test Yourself 55
Unit 4 Classification of English Consonants 57
4.1 Overview 57
4.2 Voicing 58
4.3 Places of Articulation 60
4.4 Manners of Articulation 64
4.5 Applications 67
4.6 Test Yourself 69
Unit 5 English Stops，Fricatives and Affricates 71
5.1 Overview 71
5.2 Stops 72
5.3 Fricatives 78
5.4 Affricates 81
5.5 Applications 82
5.6 Test Yourself 85
Unit 6 English Nasals and Approximants 87
6.1 Overview 87
6.2 Nasals 87
6.3 Approximants 92
6.4 More about English Consonants 96
6.5 Applications 98
6.6 Test Yourself 100
Unit 7 Classification of English Vowels 102
7.1 Overview 102
7.2 Close Vowels and Open Vowels 107
7.3 Front Vowels and Back Vowels 111
7.4 Rounded Vowels vs Unrounded Vowels 113
7.5 Applications 115
7.6 Test Yourself 118
Unit 8 English Pure Vowels 120
8.1 Overview 120
8.2 Front Vowels 124
8.3 Central Vowels 127
8.4 Back Vowels 128
8.5 Applications 132
8.6 Test Yourself 135
Unit 9 English Diphthongs 137
9.1 Overview 137
9.2 Closing Diphthongs 139
9.3 Centering Diphthongs 141
9.4 Length of Vowels 143
9.5 Applications 145
9.6 Test Yourself 147
Unit 10 English Syllable Structure 149
10.1 Overview 149
10.2 Defining the Syllable 150
10.3 Internal Structure of the Syllable 152
10.4 Consonant Clusters 163
10.5 Applications 166
10.6 Test Yourself 170
Unit 11 English Word Stress and Sentence Stress 173
11.1 Overview 173
11.2 Word Stress in English 174
11.3 Sentence Stress in English 180
11.4 Rules of Sentence Stress in English 184
11.5 Applications 186
11.6 Test Yourself 187
Unit 12 Strong Forms and Weak Forms 190
12.1 Overview 190
12.2 Strong Forms and Weak Forms 191
12.3 Sound Change in Weak Form Words 194
12.4 The Use of Weak Forms 195
12.5 Applications 203
12.6 Test Yourself 207
Unit 13 Linking and Assimilation 209
13.1 Overview 209
13.2 Linking Consonant to Vowel and Vowel to Vowel 210
13.3 Linking r＆Intrusiver 213
13.4 Coarticulation and Assimilation 214
13.5 Applications 217
13.6 Test Yourself 219
Unit 14 Rhythmic Structure in English 221
14.1 Overview 221
14.2 Stress-timed vs Syllable-timed 223
14.3 Components of Language Rhythm 226
14.4 Rhythm and Vowel Reduction 228
14.5 Applications 229
14.6 Test Yourself 235
Unit 15 Tone Units in English Utterances 237
15.1 Overview 237
15.2 Tone Language vs Intonation Language 238
15.3 Intonation Structures in English Utterances 240
15.4 Nucleus of Intonation Units 243
15.5 Applications 247
15.6 Test Yourself 248
Unit 16 English Intonation in Use 250
16.1 Overview 250
16.2 The Attitudinal Function of Intonation 250
16.3 Grammatical Function of Intonation 253
16.4 Discourse Function of Intonation 255
16.5 Applications 257
16.6 Test Yourself 258
Appendix Ⅰ Phonetic Symbols for English Vowels and Consonants 260
Appendix Ⅱ The International Phonetic Alphabet（Revised to 2005） 261
References 262